<p>The Albacete Provincial Museum  is a museum of archeology and fine art located in Albacete, Spain. The museum has existed in various incarnations since 1927, and settled in its present building in Abelardo Sánchez Park in 1978. Its exhibits emphasize the development of regional civilization and art, and the museum is divided into subsections for archeology, fine arts, and ethnology. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1962.</p><br>
<p>The Joaquín Sánchez Jiménez Archaeology Museum houses a notable collection of Roman and pre-Roman artifacts. Local Paleolithic and Neolithic items are shown, as well as Roman art and tools. Iberian sculpture is featured as well.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamín Palencia fine arts section emphasizes 20th century works, and includes many pieces by local contemporary artists.</p><br>
<p>St Georges Hall is on Lime Street in the centre of the English city of Liverpool, opposite Lime Street railway station. It is a building in Neoclassical style which contains concert halls and law courts, and is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. On the east side of the hall, between it and the railway station, is St Georges Plateau and on the west side are St John&#39;s Gardens. The hall is included in the William Brown Street conservation area.</p><br>
<p>In 1969 the architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner expressed his opinion that it is one of the finest neo-Grecian buildings in the world although the building is known for its use of Roman sources as well as Greek ones. In 2004, the hall and its surrounding area were recognised as part of Liverpool&#39;s World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of the hall was formerly occupied by the first Liverpool Infirmary from 1749 to 1824. Triennial music festivals were held in the city but there was no suitable hall to accommodate them. Following a public meeting in 1836 a company was formed to raise subscriptions for a hall in Liverpool to be used for the festivals, and for meetings, dinners and concerts. Shares were made available at £25 each and by January 1837 £23,350 had been raised. In 1838 the foundation stone was laid to commemorate the coronation of Queen Victoria.</p><br>
<p>A competition in 1839 to design the hall was won by Harvey Lonsdale Elmes, a London architect aged 25 years. There was a need for assize courts in the city and a competition to design these was also won by Elmes. The original plan was to have separate buildings but in 1840 Elmes suggested that both functions could be combined in one building on a scale which would surpass most of the other public buildings in the country at the time. Construction started in 1841 and the building opened in 1854 (with the small concert room opening two years later). Elmes died in 1847 and the work was continued by John Weightman, Corporation Surveyor, and Robert Rawlinson, structural engineer, until in 1851 Sir Charles Cockerell was appointed architect. Cockerell was largely responsible for the decoration of the interiors. During the 2000s a major restoration of the hall took place costing £23m and it was officially reopened on 23 April 2007 by Prince Charles.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<h3>Plan</h3><br>
<p>The Concert Hall is the largest area, rectangular in shape, and occupies the centre of the building with an organ on its north wall. To the north of the Concert Hall is the Civil Court and beyond this is the elliptical Small Concert Room. To the south of the Concert Hall are the Crown Court and the Grand Jury Room. Smaller court rooms are on the periphery of the larger courts. The floor below consists of a cavernous basement with cells for prisoners along the west wall.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The main entrance is in the centre of the east façade and is approached by a wide flight of steps. The tympanum which once adorned the southern pediment was removed for safety&#39;s sake in 1950, and subsequently lost, reputedly turned into hardcore.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The main entrance crosses a corridor and leads into the Concert Hall. This measures 169 ft by 77 ft and is 82 ft high. The roof is a tunnel vault carried on columns of polished red granite. The walls have niches for statues and the panelled plasterwork of the vault has allegorical figures of Virtues, Science and Arts. The highly decorated floor consists of Minton tiles and it is usually covered by a removable floor to protect it. It contains over 30,000 tiles. The doors are bronze and have openwork panels which incorporate the letters SPQL (the Senate and the People of Liverpool) making an association with the SPQR badge of ancient Rome.</p><br>
<p>The organ is at the north end and at the south end is a round arch supporting an entablature between whose columns is a gate leading directly into the Crown Court. The niches contain the statues of William Roscoe by Chantrey, Sir William Brown by Patrick MacDowell, Robert Peel by Matthew Noble, George Stephenson by John Gibson, Hugh Boyd M‘Neile by George Gamon Adams, Edward Whitley by A. Bruce Joy, S. R. Graves by G. G. Fontana, Rev Jonathan Brookes by B. E. Spence, William Ewart Gladstone by John Adams-Acton, the 14th Earl of Derby by William Theed the Younger, the 16th Earl of Derby by F. W. Pomeroy, and Joseph Mayer by Fontana.</p><br>
<p>The Crown Court has a tunnel vault on red granite columns and the Civil Court a coved ceiling on grey granite columns. The south entrance is approached through the portico, is low and has Ionic columns. Below this is a larger vaulted space which was adapted to form a new entrance in 2003–05. The north entrance hall has Doric columns on its landing and a Doric ambulatory around the apse. A copy of part of the Parthenon frieze runs round its walls. In the entrance is a statue of Henry Booth by Theed the Younger. The Small Concert Room is almost circular and is lavishly decorated. In the past it was known as the Golden Concert Room and it was regularly host to Charles Dickens, who held many of his readings there.</p><br>
<p>In the basement is part of a unique heating and ventilation system devised by Dr Boswell Reid. This was the first attempt at providing air conditioning in a public building in the United Kingdom, its aim being to warm and ventilate the building without draughts. Air was warmed by five hot water pipes which were heated by two coke-fired boilers and two steam boilers. The air was circulated by four fans 10 ft wide. It was controlled by a large number of workers opening and closing a series of canvas flaps. In 2005 the Heritage Group of the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers awarded its first Blue Plaque to St Georges Hall recognising it as the Worlds First Air Conditioned Building.</p><br>
<h4>Assizes</h4><br>
<p>Until 1984 the Liverpool Assizes (later the Crown Court) were held in the courtroom at the southern end of St George&#39;s Hall. Notable cases heard include those of Florence Maybrick in 1889 and William Herbert Wallace in 1931. The court now often doubles for the Old Bailey in film and TV dramas.</p><br>
<h2>Organ and organists</h2><br>
<p>The organ was built by Henry Willis and completed in 1855 with 100 speaking stops across four manual divisions (of non-standard compass, 63 notes GG to a) and pedals (30 notes). It comprised a total of 119 ranks of pipes, plus 10 couplers, 10 composition pedals, and 36 pistons to set combinations of stops. It was initially tuned to meantone temperament to the specification of S. S. Wesley but in 1867 W. T. Best, city organist, retuned it to equal temperament. The organ was rebuilt in 1896 when the key action was changed from the Willis-Barker lever assisted tracker (i.e. pneumatic assisted mechanical) action to pneumatic action. Also the manual compass was changed to the now standard CC to c, 61 notes, making the bottom 5 pipes on every manual stop redundant.</p><br>
<p>In 1931 the organ was reconstructed by Henry Willis III when the number of stops was increased to 120 and electro-pneumatic action introduced for the combination systems and some of the key action. Its power source was still the Rockingham electric blowing plant which had replaced the two steam engines (one of 1855 and a second which had been added in about 1877 to run the increased pressure required since 1867 for some reed stops. In the interim this higher pressure had been hand blown!) The 1924 electric blowers remained in use until 2000 when the present new low and high pressure blowers were fitted by David Wells.</p><br>
<p>In 1979 it was given a general clean and overhaul by Henry Willis IV. The total number of registers, including 24 couplers, is 144. With 7,737 pipes, it was the largest organ in the country until a larger one was built at the Royal Albert Hall in 1871, after which an organ even larger than the one at the Royal Albert Hall was constructed at Liverpool Anglican Cathedral, using over 10,000 pipes. Repairs were made to the organ as part of the restoration of the hall in 2000–2007, including replacement of the bellows leather. The organ is maintained by David Wells, Organ Builders.</p><br>
<p>The first organist was W. T. Best (1826–97) who was appointed in 1855 and served until 1894. He was succeeded in 1896 by Dr Albert Lister Peace (1844&ndash;1912) who continued in the post until the year of his death. In 1913 Herbert Frederick Ellingford (1876–1966) was appointed organist. On 21 December 1940 the hall and its organ were damaged in an air-raid. It was not possible to obtain sufficient money to rebuild the organ until the 1950s. In 1954 Henry Willis & Sons were asked to undertake this project and Dr Caleb E. Jarvis (1903&ndash;80) was its consultant. Dr Jarvis was appointed organist in 1957 and on his death in 1980 he was succeeded by Noel Rawsthorne (born 1929), who had just retired as organist to the Anglican Cathedral. Noel Rawsthorne served as organist to the hall for four years. Following his retirement in 1984, Professor Ian Tracey, who is also Organist Titulaire of the Anglican Cathedral, was appointed to the post.</p><br>
<h2>St George's Plateau</h2><br>
<p>This is the flat space between the hall and the railway station and contains statues of four lions by Nicholl and cast iron lamp standards with dolphin bases. Also on the plateau are monuments, including equestrian bronzes of Prince Albert and Queen Victoria by Thomas Thornycroft, and a monument to Major-General William Earle by Birch. Between the equestrian statues is the Grade I Liverpool Cenotaph which was unveiled in 1930, designed by L. B. Budden and sculpted by H. Tyson Smith. It consists of a simple horizontal block with a bronze relief measuring over 31 ft on each side. Sharples and Pollard regard it as one of the most remarkable war memorials in the country.</p><br>
<p>The Plateau has been associated with public rallies and gatherings, including events following the deaths of the Beatles members John Lennon and George Harrison, and the homecomings of Liverpool and Everton football teams after Cup Final victories. During the 1911 Liverpool general transport strike, many meetings were held there, including the rally which sparked the Bloody Sunday attacks, when police baton charged thousands of people who had gathered to hear the syndicalist Tom Mann speak.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Following the restoration leading to the reopening of the hall in April 2007 it was granted a Civic Trust Award. It included the creation of a Heritage Centre which gives an introduction to the hall and its history. Guided tours, a programme of exhibitions and talks are arranged. Over the Christmas periods of 2007 and 2008 an artificial skating rink was installed in the Concert Hall. In January 2008 Liverpool started its tenure as European Capital of Culture with the Peoples Opening at St Georges Hall with a performance which included the Beatles&#39; drummer Ringo Starr playing on its roof.</p><br>
<p>Black Bear Road, officially Forest Service Road 648, is a notorious jeep trail that starts from 11,018 ft summit of Red Mountain Pass on USA Highway 550  to Telluride, Colorado. The Black Bear Road crests at Black Bear Pass, elevation 12,840 ft. The road descends over a set of infamous switchbacks as it navigates the heights above Telluride. The road passes Bridal Veil Falls, the highest waterfall in Colorado. The road was made famous in a spoken word song by C.W. McCall of the same name.</p><br>
<p>Black Bear Road is open a few months of the year, from late summer (usually the last week of July) to early fall. The road is traveled only downhill from Red Mountain Pass — except for the annual Jeeper&#39;s Jamboree in which travel is reversed for one day only. The start of the trail is marked along USA 550 with the famous sign that reads:</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>"Black Bear Road" song from Black Bear Road (album) is also the name of the C.W. McCall album which contains the song that made the road famous.</p><br>
<p>The Ross Barnett Reservoir is an impoundment of the Pearl River between Madison and Rankin counties in the USA state of Mississippi. The 33,000 acre lake serves as the state&#39;s largest drinking water resource, and is managed by the Pearl River Valley Water Supply District. The lake features 105 mi of shoreline impounded on the south by a 3.5 mi man-made dam and spillway. The western shore is bounded by the historic Natchez Trace Parkway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Named for Ross R. Barnett, the 52nd Governor of Mississippi, construction on the Ross Barnett Reservoir began in 1960 by MWH Engineering (now MWH Global) under the direction of the Pearl River Valley Water Supply District. The main purpose of the infrastructure project was to create a permanent water source to supply drinking water for the Mississippi capital city of Jackson. Flooding of the Jackson section of the Pearl River had been studied by the USA Army Corps of Engineers since 1930 and city leaders envisioned commercial and industrial benefits from land reclamation associated with flood control. The Jackson Chamber of Commerce prior to the completion of the reservoir promoted riparian land reclamation with industrial development, a new bypass for USA Highway 49 constructed upon a levee, straightening the Pearl River channel and potential navigation. Construction on the lake was completed in 1963, and the water level reached average capacity in 1965. The August 17,1969 passage of Hurricane Camille over the reservoir caused the surface to tilt and created a one foot level increase at the dam. As part of a national survey the federal government sampled five Mississippi reservoirs in 1973 and determined the Ross Barnett waters to be eutrophic, ranking second among the Mississippi reservoirs in overall trophic quality. In the 1980s two power companies including the local electricity producer, Mississippi Power and Light Company, made an applications to the federal government authorities to modify the dam to produce hydropower.</p><br>
<p>The 1979 Easter flood at Jackson initiated planning to create additional levees below the reservoir and studies of a 68 foot high, dry dam called Shoccoe above the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Waterspouts occurred in the reservoir on April 15, 2011, August 19, 2012 and July 23, 2014.</p><br>
<p>Planning began to provide parks and recreation areas in conjunction with the newly formed lake. Today, the Ross Barnett Reservoir serves as a significant water source, a major recreational area, and a catalyst for residential and economic development. There are 4,600 homes along the reservoir in Madison and Rankin counties.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>The Ross Barnett Reservoir is managed by the Pearl River Valley Water Supply District (PRVWSD), an agency of the State of Mississippi. In addition to recreation, the reservoir serves as the primary source of drinking water for the City of Jacksons O. B. Curtis Water Treatment Plant. Water released into the Pearl River is monitored and controlled from an electrical/mechanical spillway and gate system that is part of a man-made earthen dam comprising most of the lakes southern shore. The maximum output of the 10-gate spillway is 170,000 cubic feet per second (cfs). The guaranteed minimum flow was not included in the statute creating the reservoir, but the 173 cfs flow was included in the operational permit. The final design of the reservoir could not be purposed as a flood control project. The target elevation for the lake is 297.5 ft above sea level in the summer; 297.0 ft in the winter. The average depth is 11 feet, water clarity is 2 feet with occasions of 8 feet, and the water color is stained. The lowest pool level in the last eight years was 294 feet MLS according to a 1996 boating map, but the lowest pool was 293.68 feet according to federal data for 2000. Drought conditions occurred in 2007 prompting local concerns. Seismic tests were performed 8o feet below the surface of the reservoir in the fall of 2012 by an energy company.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Each year over two million people visit the Ross Barnett Reservoir for outdoor recreation: types include boating, fishing, water-skiing, and camping. There are five campgrounds, 16 parks, 22 boat launches, three handicapped-accessible trails, two multi-purpose trails, and a mountain bike trail which meanders near Mule Jail Lake. Two state records come from the reservoir: Smallmouth buffalo (57 lbs 12 oz) and Bowfin (18 lbs 14 oz). In 1974 a state record Paddlefish of 65 lbs was caught at the spillway. In 1978 the Bassmaster Classicworld championship was held at the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Packwood Lake is a freshwater lake in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest in the Cascade Mountains of Washington. It is located near the town of Packwood and is a popular day hiking and overnight camping area. The southern half of the lake lies within the Goat Rocks Wilderness area.</p><br>
<p>The lake was named after William Packwood, an early settler.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Packwood Lake lies at approximately 2,857 ft above sea level and about 25 mi southeast of Mount Rainier. Its main source of water is glacier-fed Upper and Lower Lake Creeks, which descend from Gilbert Peak (also known as Old Snowy Mountain). The lake is approximately 2 mi long and 0.6 mi wide.</p><br>
<p>The lake is held in place by a natural dam. Approximately 1,200 years ago, Snyder Mountain, which borders the lake to the northwest, broke and slid down into the (then) Lake Creek valley, effectively plugging it and forming the lake. Maximum depth is approximately 160 ft. The island in the lake is officially named Agnes Island, and also referred to by locals as both Wizard Island or Enchantment Island. The island is protected by the US Forest Service and no landings are permitted there.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Packwood Lake is home to a genetically distinct species of rainbow trout. This trout has evolved for over a thousand years, separated from other populations of fish. It is known for its excellent taste, large size, and drab creamy coloring. Due to many years of stocking, however, the fish is becoming less and less prominent as its gene pool becomes diluted by stocked fish.</p><br>
<p>Also calling this lake home are several species of birds, including heron, bald eagle, and wood duck. Black bear are also fairly common, as are deer, elk, raccoon, cougar, and (in the higher elevations above the lake) mountain goats.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Packwood Lake has been used for several thousand years by Native Americans as summer quarters and hunting territory. Due to extremely cold winters and subsequent heavy snows, the area is considered largely uninhabitable during the winter.</p><br>
<p>Prospectors thoroughly searched the area of the lake in the early 1920s. Although some gold and silver was found, the small quantities and remoteness of the area proved mining to be not economical.</p><br>
<h2>Packwood Dam</h2><br>
<p>Packwood lake was dammed by man in 1964 to produce electricity. There is a small 27-megawatt dam at the foot of the lake which has taken over the job of holding back the lake from the Snyder Mountain landslide. Great care was used when designing and building the dam so as not to affect the abundant wildlife that calls the lake and surrounding area home. The actual dam structure is only a couple of feet tall, creating only a small holding pond which feeds the penstock.</p><br>
<p>Water from Packwood Lake is also piped to the town of Packwood and supplies the greater Packwood area.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Packwood lake is a popular hiking destination for both day hikers and campers. The trail leading to the lake, Packwood Lake Trail #78, is also a popular entrance to the Goat Rocks Wilderness and surrounding area. The lake is also used as a stopping ground for travellers headed to Mosquito and Lost Lakes to the north, and Gilbert Peak to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>An all-terrain vehicle trail (the low trail) was completed some years ago and offers ATV and horse access to the lake. The upper trail is reserved for hikers and horses. Both trails, upper and lower, are approximately 5 miles (8 km) to the lake from a well-maintained and paved parking lot. Continuing past the lake, hikers are offered hundreds of miles of trails covering breathtaking scenery, and the Pacific Crest Trail may be reached about 7 miles (11.3 km) beyond the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake itself is a very popular fishing hole and may be fished from shore or paddle boat (motors are prohibited). Additionally, fishing with bait is prohibited (lures only) and all lures may contain only a single barbless hook.</p><br>
<p>The Speedwell Cavern is one of the four show caves in Castleton, Derbyshire, England.</p><br>
<p>It consists of a horizontal lead miners adit (a level passageway driven horizontally into the hillside) leading to the cavern itself, a limestone cave. The adit is permanently flooded, resulting in Speedwell Caverns (locally unique) feature: after descending a long staircase, the visitor makes the journey into the cave by boat. Originally the guide propelled the boat by pushing against the walls with his hands, later the boat was legged through, and now it is powered by an electric motor.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the adit, the visitor alights from the boat and walks into the cave to see the fluorspar veins, the stalactites and stalagmites, and the so-called "Bottomless Pit". This pit is an extremely deep vertical shaft, now choked to within 20 m of the surface by rock spoil dumped by miners. The original depth of the shaft has been estimated, from the amount of spoil placed in the shaft over the years, at around 150 m.</p><br>
<p>A connection was discovered in 1999 between the Speedwell Cavern system and Titan, the largest natural shaft in the UK, which is 141.5 m high.</p><br>
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<p>The Philharmonic Dining Rooms is a public house at the corner of Hope Street and Hardman Street in Liverpool, Merseyside, England, and stands diagonally opposite the Liverpool Philharmonic Hall. It is commonly known as The Phil. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The public house was built in about 1898–1900 for the brewer Robert Cain. It was designed by Walter W. Thomas (not to be confused with Walter Aubrey Thomas the designer of the Royal Liver Building) and craftsmen from the School of Architecture and Applied Arts at University College (now the University of Liverpool), supervised by G. Hall Neale and Arthur Stratton.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The building is constructed in ashlar stone with a slate roof in an "exuberant free style" of architecture. It has a combination of two and three storeys, with attics and cellar. There are ten bays along Hope Street and three along Hardman Street. Its external features include a variety of windows, most with mullions, and some with elaborate architraves, a two-storey oriel window at the junction of the streets, stepped gables, turrets with ogee domes, a balustraded parapet above the second storey, a serpentine balcony (also balustraded) above the main entrance in Hope Street, and a low relief sculpture of musicians and musical instruments. The main entrance contains metal gates in Art Nouveau style, their design being attributed to H. Bloomfield Bare.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior is decorated in musical themes that relate to the nearby concert hall. These decorations are executed on repoussé copper panels designed by Bare and by Thomas Huson, plasterwork by C. J. Allen, mosaics, and items in mahogany and glass. Two of the smaller rooms are entitled Brahms and Liszt. Of particular interest to visitors is the high quality of the gentlemen&#39;s urinals, constructed in "a particularly attractive roseate marble".</p><br>
<h2>Appraisal</h2><br>
<p>Pollard and Pevsner, in the Buildings of England series, state that it is the most richly decorated of Liverpools Victorian public houses, and that "it is of exceptional quality in national terms". The Grade II* listing means that it is included among "particularly important buildings of more than special interest". Pye describes it as one of Liverpools "architectural gems".</p><br>
<p>Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake  is the reservoir created in 1941 by the impoundment of the Columbia River by the Grand Coulee Dam in Washington state. It is named for Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was President during the construction of the dam. Covering 125 square miles, it stretches about 150 mi from the Canada–US border to Grand Coulee Dam, with over 600 mi of shoreline; by surface area it is the largest lake and reservoir in Washington. It is the home of the Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir lies in parts of five counties in northeastern Washington; roughly in descending order of lake acreage they are Ferry, Stevens, Lincoln, Okanogan, and Grant counties. A good indication of the extent of the lake can be seen from a map centered about the town of Inchelium 48&deg;17&prime;49&Prime;N latitude, 118&deg;11&prime;48&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<h2>Renaming</h2><br>
<p>Once the lake formed behind Grand Coulee Dam, the Bureau of Reclamation referred to it as the Columbia Reservoir. In Stevens County, the Colville Examiner and other local newspapers referred to the lake as Empire Lake.</p><br>
<p>On April 17, 1945, five days after the death of President Roosevelt, Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes renamed the reservoir Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake. Secretary Ickes stated this token honor recognized how President Roosevelt championed the dam and advocated the legislation to create it.</p><br>
<h2>Lake and lands managed by five agencies</h2><br>
<p>The lake and lands are managed under the Lake Roosevelt Cooperative Management Agreement dated 5 April 1990. Per the agreement, the management and regulations of Lake Roosevelt Management Area set out in the agreement are not intended to nor shall they interfere with or be inconsistent with the purposes for which the Columbia Basin Project was established, is operated and maintained; those purposes being primarily flood control, improved navigation, streamflow regulation, providing for storage and for the delivery of stored waters thereof for the reclamation of public and private lands and Indian reservations, for the generation of electrical power and for other beneficial uses, nor it is in intended to modify or alter any obligations or authority of the parties.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area. The NPS maintains visitor centers, boat-in campsites, shoreline camping, and conducts marine patrols for compliance with United States Coast Guard marine safety rules.</p><br>
<p>Bureau of Reclamation Grand Coulee Dam Reclamation has two management zones. One is directly behind the dam. It follows the log boom line from the west bank of the river to about mid-channel. Then at the Grant and Okanogan county line (in the middle of the lake) the boundary goes uplake for a short distance until it cuts across to the east shoreline. The other zone is located on the east side of the lake at China Bar, 48&deg;49&prime;23&Prime;N latitude, 117&deg;55&prime;57&Prime;W longitude. Reclamation operates a log collection facility. Reclamation captures logs and other large debris before it enters Lake Roosevelt.</p><br>
<p>Bureau of Indian Affairs</p><br>
<p>Although some Washington Department of Natural Resources lands abut against Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area, the state&#39;s Discover Pass does not cover use of NPS boat launches or tribal lands and waters.</p><br>
<h2>Pollution litigation</h2><br>
<p>The lake is downstream from the Trail Smelter, and has been the subject of litigation over environmental concerns.</p><br>
<p>COMINCOs smelter deposited slag from its plant into the Columbia River, which then flowed into Lake Roosevelt. Environmental concerns were raised when these deposits were found to include mercury, lead and zinc. This discovery led the nearby indigenous group, the Colville Confederated Tribes, to take action against COMINCO and hold them responsible for degrading the water quality of the lake. The pollution raised health concerns for tribe members, who used the beaches and campsites along the river and ate fish from the river "for subsistence, cultural and spiritual reasons". The lawsuit, launched in 2004, was unique in that it demanded COMINCO comply with a USA Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) order to provide funding for pollution studies of the Trail operation. In a media statement released in 2003, COMINCO agreed to invest $13-million for studies of the health and ecology of Lake Roosevelt, as well as fund the cleanup required to rid the lake of metal contamination associated with the companys smelting practices; although the companys agreement to fund the studies was well-intentioned, the Colville Confederated Tribes countered that COMINCOs offer was inadequate because it "did not meet the quality of studies and cleanup guarantees that would be required under EPA rules". The case is ongoing.</p><br>
<p>The lawsuit between COMINCO and the Colville Confederated Tribes sparked more tensions between Canada and the USA over transborder environmental laws. As a Canadian company, COMINCO felt that their operation was being unfairly targeted because the lawsuit was ordering them to follow an American governing body&#39;s orders to clean up Lake Roosevelt. COMINCO also objected to the implication in the lawsuit that it was the only company responsible for the pollution of Lake Roosevelt.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, COMINCO stopped depositing smelting byproducts into the Columbia River and in 2004 reportedly spent about $1-billion modernizing the Trail plant and reducing its emissions.</p><br>
<p>The Hardangerfjord is the fourth longest fjord in the world, and the second longest fjord in Norway. It is located in Hordaland county in the Hardanger region. The fjord stretches 179 km from the Atlantic Ocean into the mountainous interior of Norway along the Hardangervidda plateau. The innermost point of the fjord reaches the town of Odda.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Hardangerfjord starts at the Atlantic Ocean about 80 km south of the city of Bergen. Here the fjord heads in a northeasterly direction between the island of Bømlo and the mainland. It passes by the larger islands of Stord, Tysnesøya, and Varaldsøy on the north/west side and the Folgefonna peninsula on the south/east side. Once it is surrounded by the mainland, it begins to branch off into smaller fjords that reach inwards towards the grand Hardangervidda mountain plateau. The longest branch of the Hardangerfjord is Sørfjorden which cuts south about 50 km from the main fjord. Its maximum depth is more than 860 m just outside the village of Norheimsund in the middle of the fjord.</p><br>
<p>Norway&#39;s third largest glacier is found on the Folgefonna peninsula, along of the Hardangerfjord. With its three parts, the Folgefonna glacier covers an area of 220 km&sup2, and in 2005 it became protected as Folgefonna National Park.</p><br>
<p>The area of the fjord is divided among 13 municipalities in Hordaland county: Bømlo, Eidfjord, Etne, Granvin, Jondal, Kvam, Kvinnherad, Odda, Stord, Sveio, Tysnes, Ullensvang, and Ulvik. The total number of inhabitants living in all these municipalities along the fjord is only a bit more than 70,000&mdash;on a total area of 8,471 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>About 8,000 BC, the Scandinavian land mass started to rise up as enormous glacial ice started to melt. The lower parts of the valleys became flooded, and so created what we today know as the Hardangerfjord. The valley was originally not only made through glacial erosion but by the high pressure melting water which pushed its way beneath the ice.</p><br>
<p>The history of the fjord goes far beyond its Viking history, back to the time of hunters on the surrounding mountains, and later on, farming along this fertile area which today is considered the "fruit orchard of Norway". Later the fjord became the birthplace for a large tourism influx to Norway, and in 1875 Thomas Cook started weekly cruise departures from London to the Hardangerfjord, due to its spectacular nature, glaciers, and grand waterfalls. Soon after this many of the major waterfalls became the power source for large industries in fjord settlements such as the town of Odda.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Today, the Hardangerfjord is witness to a renaissance in tourism and new infrastructure for travelers has once again become an industry for the local communities along the fjord.</p><br>
<p>The fjord has good conditions for fish farming. Fish farms yearly produce more than 40,000 tons of salmon and rainbow trout (2002) and makes the Hardangerfjord one of four major fish farming regions in the world.</p><br>
<p>Hardangerfjord&#39;s melt-water is also bottled at source to form the product Isklar, sold worldwide.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>There are many fjord arms that branch off of the main Hardangerfjord. There are also certain sections of the main fjord that have special names. Below is a list of the sections of the fjord and the arms that branch off them.</p><br>
<p>From west to east:</p><br>
<p>Børøyfjorden (branches to the north)</p><br>
<p>Stokksundet (branches to the north)</p><br>
<p>Bjøafjorden (branches to the south)</p><br>
<p>Lukksundet (branches to the north)</p><br>
<p>Øynefjorden (branches to the north)</p><br>
<p>Maurangsfjorden (branches to the east)</p><br>
<p>Strandebarmsbukta (bay to the north)</p><br>
<p>Fyksesundet (branches to the north)</p><br>
<p>Granvinsfjorden (branches to the north)</p><br>
<p>Sørfjorden (branches to the south)</p><br>
<p>Osafjorden (branches to the north)</p><br>
<p>Ulvikafjorden (branches off the Osafjorden to the northwest)</p><br>
<p>Simadalsfjorden (branches to the northeast)</p><br>
<p>The Edward Gorey House, also known as the Elephant House, is the home on Cape Cod in which Edward Gorey—author, illustrator, puppeteer, and playwright—lived and worked from 1986 until his death in 2000. The house currently serves as a museum celebrating Gorey&#39;s life and work.</p><br>
<p>Gorey had a respect and passion for animals, cats in particular. The activities of the house, from art education to interactive exhibits, reflect Gorey&#39;s support of animal welfare.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Gorey collected all sorts of objects; some of them discarded objects found at the side of the road. He arranged and displayed such items on his porch and in the rooms of the house. He also had a large collection of books and an overflowing library.</p><br>
<p>Elephant House is also notable for the presence of a large southern magnolia tree in its yard, a species not usually found so far north.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>A 2002 grant from the Highland Street Foundation allowed the house to be purchased and the museum to be established.</p><br>
<p>Ras Dejen  is the highest mountain in Ethiopia and tenth highest mountain of Africa. Part of Simien Mountains National Park located in the Gondar, Amhara Region, it reaches an elevation of 4,550 metres .</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>According to Erik Nilsson, Ras Dejen is the eastern peak of the rim of "an enormous volcano, the northern half of which is cut down about thousand metres by numerous ravines, draining into the Takkazzi River." Its western counterpart is Mount Biuat (4,510 meters), separated by the valley of the Meshaha river. The mountain is often place to violent snowfalls during the night, but, since daily and night temperatures vary greatly, the snow is almost completely melted in a few hours (during the hottest period of the year) since temperature may be over 5 Celsius degrees by midday. In winter snow falls rarely, since the majority of yearly rainfalls in Ethiopia are in the summer, but if it does it usually lasts for weeks or months.</p><br>
<p>The first recorded ascent by a Eurasian was in 1841, by the French officers Ferret and Galinier. There is no verifiable evidence of earlier ascents by locals, but the summit climate and conditions are relatively hospitable, and there are nearby high altitude pastoral settlements. A small fort still partially standing at around 4,300 Meter SRTM data.</p><br>
<p>Mount Foraker is a 17,400 ft mountain in the central Alaska Range, in Denali National Park, 14 mi southwest of Denali. It is the second highest peak in the Alaska Range, and the third highest peak in the United States. It rises almost directly above the standard base camp for Denali, on a fork of the Kahiltna Glacier also near Mount Hunter in the Alaska Range.</p><br>
<p>Its north peak was first climbed on August 6, 1934, and its higher south peak was climbed four days later on August 10, by Charles Houston, T. Graham Brown, and Chychele Waterston, via the west ridge.</p><br>
<h2>Naming</h2><br>
<p>Mount Foraker was named in 1899 by Lt. J. S. Herron after Joseph B. Foraker, then a sitting USA Senator from Ohio.</p><br>
<p>The mountain, along with Denali, was called Bolshaya Gora ("big mountain") in Russian. The Tanaina Indians of the Susitna River valley and Tanana Indians to the north are reported to have had the same name (Denali) for Mt. Foraker as they had for Denali (previously Mount McKinley), and it appears that the names were not applied to individual peaks but instead to the Denali massif. The Tanana Indians in the Lake Minchumina area, however, had a broadside view of the mountains and thus gave distinctive names to each. According to Hudson Stuck, these Indians had two names for Mount Foraker: Sultana meaning "the woman" and Menlale meaning "Denali&#39;s wife".</p><br>
<h2>Notable ascents</h2><br>
<p>1934 West Ridge FA of Mount Foraker by Charles Houston, T. Graham Brown and Chychele Waterston.</p><br>
<p>1963 Southeast Ridge. 2nd ascent. July 7th. By Jim Richardson and Jeff Duenwald. Expedition led by Adams Carter.</p><br>
<p>1968 Talkeetna Ridge, South Ridge FA by Alex Bertulis, Warren Bleser, Hans Baer and Peter Williamson (US). The summit was reached on July 26, 1968. 4th ascent of peak.</p><br>
<p>1974 Southwest Toe of Southeast Ridge, variation to the South Ridge, ascent by Peter Reagan, Joe Davidson, Bob Fries, Jim Given, Mark Greenfield, Pippo Lionni, Eric Morgan and Frank Uher.</p><br>
<p>1975 Archangel Ridge, the north ridge, FA by Gerard and Barbara Roach (first ascent by a woman), Brad Johnson, David Wright, Stewart Krebs and Charles Campbell. Summit reached on July 14, 1975. Subsequently skied.</p><br>
<p>1976 French Ridge, the South/Southeast Ridge, FA by Henri Agresti, Jean-Marie Galmiche, Gerard Creton, Herve Thivierge, Isabelle Agresti (all France) and Werner Landry (US). Summit reached on June 3 and 4, 1976.</p><br>
<p>1977 Infinite Spur, on the south face by Michael Kennedy and George Lowe. Ascent time 6 days.</p><br>
<p>1977 Southwest Ridge, Nancey Goforth, Erik LeRoy, Chris Liddle, and Murray Marvin. The summit was reached on June 25, 1977, after 47 days spent on Mount Foraker.</p><br>
<p>1989 Infinite Spur, second ascent or route by Mark Bebie and Jim Nelson (US). Summit reached on June 24, 1989 after 13 days on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>1990 False Dawn, on the southeast face, first ascent by John Phelan (US) and David Sharman (UK). Summit reached on May 27, 1990 after 5 days on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>2016 Infinite Spur, first solo ascent and fastest ascent to date, by Colin Haley. Ascent time was 12:29 from the bergschrund to summit. The descent was completed in a whiteout via the Sultana Ridge over the ensuing 48 hours.</p><br>
<p>The River Thame is a river in Southern England. It is a tributary of the River Thames.</p><br>
<p>The general course of the River Thame is south-westward and it runs from each of the longest of its many sources to the River Thames about 40 miles (65 km). The Thame rises in the English county of Buckinghamshire and discharges in south-east Oxfordshire. The Thame is non-navigable to boats save for canoes north of Dorchester-on-Thames,</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Thames source is three streams which rise in the wide Vale of Aylesbury on the north side of the Chiltern Hills. These streams converge north-east of Aylesbury, the county town of Buckinghamshire. The Thame played a key role in the English Civil War when John Hampden (the towns Member of Parliament) led the force of Parliamentarians successfully defending Aylesbury at the Battle of Holman&#39;s Bridge, where a small road crosses the river, in 1642.</p><br>
<p>The vale streams converge by the 21st century small suburb of Watermead on the far side of a dug-out, flowing oxbow lake with several ornamental features (hence the name of the suburb). The suburb&#39;s land was in the Middle Ages, the west of Bierton with Broughton parish and so is now in that civil parish. The Thame then passes farmland of the villages of Nether Winchendon and Chearsley before reaching the market town of Thame with which it shares its name. Thame is about 15 mi east of Oxford and grew from an Anglo-Saxon settlement beside the river. In Anglo-Saxon England Thame is a recorded place in records of the Diocese of Dorchester.</p><br>
<p>At Holton mill the Thame turns quickly southward and after passing the villages of Great Milton and Stadhampton, its valley widens. In this area in 1642 and 1643, the river acted as a line of defence for Royalist Oxford. The bridges at Wheatley, Cuddesdon Mill and Chiselhampton were key crossing points, with Chiselhampton Bridge playing a critical part in Prince Rupert&#39;s movements before and after the Battle of Chalgrove Field.</p><br>
<h2>Confluence with the Thames</h2><br>
<p>Finally the Thame reaches the village of Dorchester, Oxfordshire, or Dorchester-on-Thames. As its name indicates, a Romano-British settlement was on the site. The small town&#39;s central streets are typically Anglo-Saxon being not quite straight and at various angles. The Saxon cathedral here was superseded by Dorchester Abbey, a name since the English Reformation denoting its surviving structure which was its main building, the abbey church, built in 1170 that is 70 metres in length and a listed building at Grade I.</p><br>
<p>In the far south of that parish, 0.5 mi south of the town centre, the Thame flows into the River Thames, between Day&#39;s Lock and Benson Lock.</p><br>
<p>The upper River Thames has an alternative name, The Isis, until this confluence.</p><br>
<p>Alsten or Alsta is an island in the municipalities of Alstahaug and Leirfjord in Nordland county, Norway. The Vefsnfjorden is off the east coast, the Leirfjorden off the north coast, and the Alstenfjorden passes the south and west coast. The eastern part of the island is dominated by the Seven Sisters mountain range which has five mountains that are more than 1,000 m tall, while the western part of the island is relatively flat and it is the location of the town of Sandnessjøen and the village of Søvika in the south.</p><br>
<p>The 30 km long island has an area of 153 km&sup2, and its highest point is the mountain Botnkrona, which reaches 1,072 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The island is connected to the mainland by the Helgeland Bridge on Norwegian County Road 17, which connects the northern part of the island to the municipality of Leirfjord on the mainland. This same highway 17 continues across the island from north to south where it then connects by bridge to the nearby islands of Offersøya and Tjøtta.</p><br>
<p>The eastern part of the island is often called the "backside" of the island since it is on the other side of the mountains from the more populous side. This "backside" lies inside the municipality of Leirfjord and the Sundøy Bridge connects the Sundøy village area on the backside of the island to the mainland.</p><br>
<p>Poison Springs Battleground State Park is an Arkansas state park located southeast of Bluff City. It commemorates the Battle of Poison Spring in the American Civil War, which was part of the 1864 Camden Expedition, an element of a Union Army initiative to gain control of Shreveport, Louisiana and get a foothold in Texas.</p><br>
<p>In the battle, which was fought on April 18, 1864, Confederates and Choctaw Indians attacked and overcame a supply wagon of Union soldiers. The term "poison spring" arises from the apocryphal story that Confederate soldiers poisoned nearby springwater. The battle hastened the failure of the Camden expedition, and garnered notoriety for the slaughter of African-American Union soldiers from Kansas by the Confederate forces, which took no African-American prisoners.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969, and, with other sites, is part of the Camden Expedition Sites National Historic Landmark. It was declared part of the National Historic Landmark in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The park includes about 85 acre of land, and lies on Arkansas Highway 76, about 14 mi northwest of Camden. Highway 76 was the route which the Union supply train was on when it was roadblocked and attacked by the Confederate force. The improved portion of the park, with a picnic area and interpretive signs, is located on the north side of the highway. The battle, however, covered a much larger area, estimated at more than 9,000 acre. The surrounding area is in roughly the same state as it was at the time of the battle, although land that was then under cultivation has since reverted to forest.</p><br>
<p>The heavily wooded park features a small interpretive display and a shady trail. Sightings of deer and woodpeckers are common along the trail. The park provides an excellent example of the Gulf Coast forest region, consisting primarily of pine trees, but with some oak and with dogwood understory trees.</p><br>
<p>Mount Stuart is a mountain in the Cascade Range, in the USA state of Washington. It is the second highest non-volcanic peak in the state, after Bonanza Peak and tenth-highest overall. Mount Stuart is the highest peak in the Stuart Range, and it is located in the central part of the Washington Cascades, south of Stevens Pass and east of Snoqualmie Pass in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Mount Stuart was given its name by George B. McClellan in September 1853 in honor of his oldest and best friend, "the late Capt. Jas. Stuart of the Rifles&mdash;a gallant soldier & accomplished gentleman." Stuart had died of an arrow wound on June 18, 1851, following a skirmish with native Americans at the base of the Siskiyou Mountains in southwest Oregon.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Stuart is more notable for its local relief than for its absolute elevation. For example, the south face rises 5,000 ft in just 2 horizontal miles (3.2 km). The northeast and northwest sides of the mountain exhibit similar steep relief. Due to its location away from higher peaks, Mount Stuart has a topographic prominence of 5,354 ft, making it the sixth most prominent in the state. The rock of Mount Stuart is rugged due to the extensive jointing of the granite. The north slopes of the mountain shelter three glaciers, including Stuart, Ice Cliff and Sherpa Glaciers from west to east.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>It is not known for sure who made the first ascent of Mount Stuart. According to Fred Beckey: "Claude Rusk... was told by Frank Bryant of Yakima about finding a stick at the summit bearing the name `Angus McPherson—1873. A. H. Sylvester, who climbed to the summit in 1897 and 1899 for triangulation, believed the first ascent was made by Frank Tweedy and Richard Goode during the Northern Pacific land survey." Tweedy (after whom Tweedys pussypaws is named) climbed Mount Stuart on August 5, 1883, and two days later again with Goode (after whom Goode Mountain is named). They did not report finding evidence of an earlier ascent. Since is not too technical, an earlier Native American ascent is also a possibility.</p><br>
<p>The standard route is the Cascadian Couloir up the southeast flank of the mountain, which ascends to a false summit just southeast of the main summit, and finishes along a short ridge. The route involves scrambling, and often, steep snow. Far more technical climbs are available on the complex north face and other aspects of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Wenatchee Mountains are a range of mountains in central Washington State, United States of America. A major subrange of the Cascade Range, extending east 50 mi from the Cascade crest, the Wenatchee Mountains separate the drainage basins of the Yakima River from the Wenatchee River. The crest of the range forms part of the boundary between Chelan and Kittitas Counties.</p><br>
<h2>Extent</h2><br>
<p>Fred Beckey describes the Wenatchee Mountains as the area between the Wenatchee and Yakima rivers and Stevens Pass. Among the ranges significant features he describes are Mount Stuart, the second highest non-volcanic peak in Washington and one of the largest single granitic mountains in the United States, the Cashmere Crags, the Lost World Plateau, Edward Plateau, and Dragontail Plateau, the Enchantment Lakes Basin ("one of the most marvelous examples of an ice-sculpted wilderness in the Cascade Range), Icicle Creek and its narrow, U-shaped valley over 6,000 ft deep, one of the deepest in the Cascades, and the Wenatchee Rivers unusual winding Tumwater Canyon gorge.</p><br>
<p>According to Peakbagger.com the Wenatchee Mountains are defined as bounded by USA Route 2 from Stevens Pass to Wenatchee on the Columbia River, then down the Columbia River to Interstate 90, then west along the highway to the vicinity of Cle Elum and Roslyn, then north along Cle Elum Lake and the Cle Elum River and north to Stevens Pass. Subranges of the Wenatchee Mountains and their highest peaks as defined by Peakbagger.com are the Chiwaukum Mountains (Big Chiwaukum Mountain, 8,501 ft), North Wenatchee Mountains (Cashmere Mountain, 8,501 ft), Stuart Range (Mount Stuart, 9,415 ft), the Teanaway Area (Ingalls Peak, 7,662 ft), and the Mission-Naneum Ridges (Mission Peak, 6,876 ft). Peakbagger.com also defines and names the mountain regions bordering the Wenatchee Mountains. These are the Alpine Lakes Area to the west, South Cascade Crest to the south, Glacier Peak-North Stevens Pass area to the northwest, and the Entiat Mountains to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>The USGS GNIS defines the range with a simple list seven points in a line, running from approximately Paddy-Go-Easy Pass and Granite Mountain to approximately Blewett Pass and Naneum Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Major Peaks</h2><br>
<p>Partial list of peaks:</p><br>
<p>Mount Stuart - 9,415 ft</p><br>
<p>Dragontail Peak - 8,840 ft</p><br>
<p>Colchuck Peak - 8,705 ft</p><br>
<p>Cannon Mountain - 8,638 ft</p><br>
<p>Sherpa Peak - 8,605 ft</p><br>
<p>Enchantment Peak - 8,520 ft</p><br>
<p>Witches Tower - 8,520 ft</p><br>
<p>Cashmere Mountain - 8,501 ft</p><br>
<p>Argonaut Peak - 8,453 ft</p><br>
<p>Little Annapurna - 8,440 ft</p><br>
<p>Eightmile Mountain - 7,996 ft</p><br>
<p>The Cradle (peak) - 7,467 ft</p><br>
<p>Granite Mountain - 7,144 ft</p><br>
<p>Mac Peak - 6,859 ft</p><br>
<p>Thunder Mountain Lakes Peak - 6,711 ft</p><br>
<p>Trico Mountain - 6,640 ft</p><br>
<p>Thunder Mountain - 6,556 ft</p><br>
<p>Slippery Slab Tower - 6,356 ft</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>The Wenatchee Mountains are in the rain shadow of the main Cascade Range and hence are drier and have fewer trees. This comparative lack of trees offers good wildflower displays and wide views. Serpentine soils are found within the Wenatchee Mountains, modifying the plant communities in those areas.</p><br>
<p>The Wenatchee Mountains are home to a number of rare, endemic, or disjunct plant species, including Androsace nivalis var. dentata, Claytonia megarhiza var. nivalis, Delphinium viridescens, Lewisiopsis tweedyi, Trifolium thompsonii, and Valeriana columbiana. The Wenatchee Mountains checkermallow (Sidalcea oregano var. calva) occurs only along Peshastin Creek, south of Leavenworth, Washington. It is the rarest plant in Washington, and is now on the endangered species list.</p><br>
<p>The Chiwaukum Mountains are a north-south mountain range in central Washington, United States. They stretch from Snowgrass Mountain at 47&deg;41&prime;N latitude, 120&deg;56&prime;W longitude, to 47&deg;45&prime;N latitude, 120&deg;54&prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>The mountains are made of schist, part of the Nason terrane. The original rock in the Nason terrane was laid down 210 Myr ago. The terrane then smashed into the western coastline of the continent, and the Mount Stuart batholith intruded into it in the late Cretaceous. The intrusion of the granitic rock metamorphosed the rock into schist..</p><br>
<p>In July 2014, the lightning-caused Chiwaukum Creek Fire burned the east flank of the Chiwaukum Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Partial list of peaks:</p><br>
<p>Big Chiwaukum - 8,081&#39; (2463m)</p><br>
<p>Snowgrass Mountain - 7,993&#39; (2436m)</p><br>
<p>Big Jim Mountain - 7,765&#39; (2367m)</p><br>
<p>Nearby peaks:</p><br>
<p>Jim Hill Mountain - 6,765&#39; (2062m)</p><br>
<p>Cowboy Mountain - 5,853&#39; (1784m)</p><br>
<p>Lolo Pass is a mountain pass 6 mi northwest of Mount Hood and 10 mi northeast of Zigzag, Oregon, on the Clackamas&ndash;Hood River county line. It divides the Sandy River watershed on the southwest from the Hood River watershed on the northeast.</p><br>
<p>At 3,415 ft, it provides a much lower crossing of the Cascade Range near Mount Hood than the 4,650 ft Oregon Route 35 Bennett Pass on the southeast side. Access from the southwest side of the pass is paved all the way to the pass, where the road changes to gravel, heading down the northeast side of the pass. Lolo Pass Road (Forest Road 18) is closed due to heavy snow each winter. The road through the pass was initially established by Native Americans, as a trading route connecting the Willamette Valley and sites at the eastern end of the Columbia River Gorge like Celilo Falls. In 1838, Daniel Lee (nephew of missionary Jason Lee) drove livestock across the pass, while traveling east to establish a new Methodist station, named Wascopam Mission. He was the first westerner known to have used the trail. The trail was then used as one of the final legs of the Oregon Trail; settlers arriving from The Dalles would often drive their livestock over the pass while their families floated down the river. The 1846 construction of the Barlow Road provided a less daunting alternate route around the south side of Mount Hood.</p><br>
<p>Lolo Pass is one of the milestones along the Pacific Crest Trail, though not a particularly low point for the region. By 5 mi south of Lolo Pass, the Pacific Crest Trail drops to 2,800 ft and much lower to the north at the Columbia River. A small campsite is located along the trail just south of the forest service road.</p><br>
<p>Hkakabo Razi  is believed to be Burma&#39;s highest mountain, and with its height of 5,881 m the probable highest mountain in South East Asia. It is located in the northern Myanmar state of Kachin in an outlying subrange of the Greater Himalayan mountain system near the border tri-point with India and China. Its highest status has recently been challenged by Gamlang Razi , 6.6 km WSW far away on the Chinese border.</p><br>
<p>The peak is enclosed within Khakaborazi National Park. The park is entirely mountainous and is characterized by broad-leaved evergreen rain forest, a sub-tropical temperate zone from 8000 to 9000 ft, then broad-leaved, semi-deciduous forest and finally needle-leaved evergreen, snow forest. Above 11,000 ft, the highest forest zone is alpine, different not only in kind from the forest, but different in history and origin. Still higher up, around 15,000 ft, cold, barren, windswept terrain and permanent snow and glaciers dominate. At around 17,500 ft, there is a large ice cap with several outlet glaciers.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental protection</h2><br>
<p>Hkakabo Razi was established as a natural reserve on January 30, 1996 and as a national park on November 10, 1998. The Khakaborazi National Park is the last stronghold for biodiversity in Myanmar. Extraordinarily rich flora and fauna, ranging from lowland tropical to alpine species still await proper research and identification. They have barely been studied, and the park remains an excellent center for field study for students of botany, geology, zoology and geography.</p><br>
<p>A study was done by the Forest Department with the assistance of Wildlife Conservation Society of New York during 1997 and 1998. The results have been presented in ICIMOD sponsored Workshop "Sub-regional Consultation on Conservation of Hkakabo Razi Mountain Ecosystems in Eastern Himalayas", held in Putao, Myanmar during 25–29 October 1999. This was followed in 2001 with an international, interdisciplinary team of scientists from the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, National Geographic Society, Harvard University, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Myanmar Forestry Ministry. On 11 September 2001, herpetologist Joseph Slowinski, team leader from California Academy of Sciences, was bitten by a venomous krait and died in the field.</p><br>
<p>In 2002-2003, P. Christiaan Klieger, anthropologist from California Academy of Sciences and photographer Dong Lin retraced their previous steps, and succeeded in making the first anthropological survey of the Hkakabo Razi region. On foot they reached the northern-most village in Myanmar, Tahaundam, which is inhabited by about 200 Khampa Tibetans, including mountaineer Nyama Gyaltsen (see below).</p><br>
<p>The region will shortly be opened to the general public through eco-tourism by the Myanmar authorities. The government is collecting information for development in that regard and a number of scientific expeditions have been already accepted in the region.</p><br>
<p>Only a few Westerners ever made it to Mt. Hkakabo Razi, the National Park or anywhere close to it. Captain B.E.A. Pritchard was the first Westerner to visit the Alun Dung valley, in 1913.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>Takashi Ozaki (Japan, 1951-May 14, 2011) and Nyima Gyaltsen (aka "Aung Tse&quot Burma) made the first ascent in 1996. Ozaki had attempted the mountain in 1995 but was turned back due to bad weather. The route to basecamp is long (four weeks) and arduous through dense rain forest with many unbridged stream crossings. The recentness of the first ascent can also be attributed to the policy that foreigners were not allowed into the area until 1993.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the nearby peak of Gamlang Razi was climbed and measured at 5,870 meters (19,259 ft) using an advanced version of GPS, making it possibly the highest in Myanmar. Okazaki had confirmed Hkakabo&#39;s height as 5881 m, but he did not yet have the GPS equipment to measure the exact height of Hkakabo Razi.</p><br>
<p>In August 2014 an all-Burmese expedition took a new route up the north face. Two team-members, Ko Aung Myint Myat and Ko Wai Yan Min Thu, reached the summit on August 31 for the second ascent of the mountain, placing a flag, plaque and Buddha image. The climbers ran out of batteries right after summiting and radio contact was lost. After they failed to return to the lower camps, a rescue operation was set into place. The search for the missing climbers continued into October. It involved a helicopter crash landing, leading to the death of one pilot and an 11-day survival trek by the other pilot and the passenger mountaineer.</p><br>
<p>In November 2014, a National Geographic Society / The North Face sponsored expedition set out to measure the height of Hkakabo Razi using the same equipment as the Gamlang Razi team. The 2014 group was led by Hilaree O&#39;Neill, and also included Mark David Jenkins, Cory Richards, Renan Ozturk, Emily Harrington, and Taylor Rees. On November 7, 2014, Jenkins, Richards, and Ozturk made the final attempt at the summit but turned back at 5,742 meters (18,840 ft). They estimated that the summit lay an additional 800 feet (ca. 240 meter) higher.</p><br>
<p>Lake Charlevoix is a lake in Charlevoix County in the USA state of Michigan. It is the third largest lake in the state with a surface area of over 17,200 acres  and 56 miles  of shoreline. The maximum depth in the main basin is 122 feet  and in the south arm, 58 feet .</p><br>
<p>The lakes largest tributaries are the Jordan River, feeding into the south arm at East Jordan, and the Boyne River, flowing into the main basin from the east at Boyne City. Other significant tributaries include Horton, Stover, Porter, and Loeb Creeks. The outflow of Lake Charlevoix is the short Round Lake/Pine River complex which discharges into Lake Michigan at Charlevoix. The lakes watershed covers 335 square miles in Charlevoix and Antrim Counties, and a small portion of the northwest corner of Otsego County.</p><br>
<p>The lake occupies portions of Charlevoix Township, Marion Township, Hayes Township, Eveline Township, Michigan, Bay Township, and Evangeline Township.</p><br>
<p>Young State Park is located on the shore of the lake just northwest of Boyne City. The Ironton Ferry at Ironton, a designated Michigan Historical Site in operation since 1876, crosses the south arm where it branches off from the main basin, saving about 20 minutes of driving time around the south arm by the shoreline route.</p><br>
<p>The lake was also known previously as Pine Lake and Long Lake. It was renamed from "Pine Lake" to its current name ("Lake Charlevoix") in 1926.</p><br>
<p>Apolima is the smallest of the four inhabited islands of Samoa and situated in the Apolima Strait, between the countrys two largest islands Upolu to the east and Savaii to the west.</p><br>
<p>The island has one village settlement, Apolima Tai with a population of 75 (2006 Census). The small settlement is situated in the interior&#39;s flat plateau on the northern side.</p><br>
<p>Apolima is a rim of an extinct volcanic crater with a maximum height of 165 m. It is a little less than one square kilometer in size and the only access to the island is by boat.</p><br>
<p>The tiny island lies 2.4 km northwest off the westernmost edge of Upolus fringing barrier reef and 7 km southwest of Savaii island. The island&#39;s appearance is of an upturned bowl with surrounding steep cliffs and a broad opening to the sea on the northern side which is the main entry point by boat.</p><br>
<p>There are two neighbouring islands in the strait, Manono Island, which has a small population and the smaller uninhabited islet of Nu&#39;ulopa.</p><br>
<p>Apolima island is part of the political district of Aiga-i-le-Tai.</p><br>
<p>Lough Swilly in Ireland is a glacial fjord or sea inlet lying between the western side of the Inishowen Peninsula and the Fanad Peninsula, in County Donegal. Along with Carlingford Lough and Killary Harbour it is one of three glacial fjords in Ireland.</p><br>
<p>At the northern extremities of the lough are Fanad Head with its lighthouse and Dunaff Head. Towns situated on the lough include Buncrana on Inishowen and Rathmullan on the western side. At the southern end of the lough lies Letterkenny.</p><br>
<p>The lough is known for its wildlife-watching (dolphins, porpoise, seabirds, migratory geese and swans) and diving on a number of ship wrecks, including sunk by a German mine (possible torpedo), which went down with 3,211 ingots of gold of which 3,191 were recovered.</p><br>
<p>In the south of the lough a number of islands (Burt, Inch, Coney, Big Isle) were poldered and the land reclaimed during the 19th century for agriculture and the Londonderry and Lough Swilly Railway constructed embankments on the line from Derry to Letterkenny. These reclaimed lands are now wetlands associated with wildlife conservation and birdwatching, and support over 4,000 whooper swans and thousands of Greenland white front, barnacle, greylagg and brent geese.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lough, and the Grianán Ailigh hill fort (early fortification and palace dating from 2000–5000 BC) at its southeastern bend, were recorded on Ptolemys map of the world. It has a number of early Stone Age monuments and Iron Age fortifications along its shores, as well as a number of shell middens dated to approximately 7000 BC. It is best known for being the site of the Flight of the Earls. After a failed uprising in September 1607, Hugh ONeill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, and Rory O&#39;Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, the last Gaelic chieftains and upholders of Brehon law in Ireland at that time, set sail from Rathmullan with ninety of their followers.</p><br>
<p>During a gale on 4 December 1811, the Royal Navy 36-gun was shipwrecked in Lough Swilly. There were no survivors out of the estimated 253 aboard, with approximately 200 bodies washed up on shore.</p><br>
<p>Due to its natural shelter and its depth, the lough was an important naval port. In October 1798, immediately prior to the outbreak of the Napoleonic wars, a French fleet carrying Wolfe Tone of the United Irishmen, plus troops to assist in 1798 rebellion, was intercepted and defeated in a naval battle at the entrance to Lough Swilly. Subsequently Tone was captured and taken ashore at Buncrana on the east side of the Swilly.</p><br>
<p>A subsequent reassessment of the threat of invasion led to the building of a series of fortifications guarding the different approaches and landing points within the lough which were completed between 1800 and 1820. Martello towers were built around 1804 to defend the approaches to Derry. The six on the lough cost €1,800 each, were armed with smoothbore cannon, firing round shot and were completed in six months.</p><br>
<p>Immediately prior to the First World War the War Office improved the Napoleonic forts and their armaments as well as adding another fort at the entrance to the lough at Lenan Head with 9 in guns (12-mile range) – the largest in Ireland at the time. The remains of these fortifications are still at Lenan Head Fort, Fort Dunree (now a military and wildlife museum), Ned&#39;s Point, Buncrana, Inch Island and on the west coast at Rathmullan, Knockalla and Macamish Point.</p><br>
<p>During the First World War, the lough was used by the Royal Navy as an anchorage for elements of the Grand Fleet, an amalgamation of the pre-war Home and Atlantic Fleets, under Admiral Sir John R. Jellicoe and a gathering/staging point for Atlantic convoys. During this period a boom was placed across the lough between Macamish Point and Ned&#39;s Point, supported by a number of trawlers, to prevent U-boat attacks. After the Irish War of Independence the lough was also one of the Treaty Ports specified in the Anglo-Irish Treaty until its final handing over at Fort Dunree in 1938.</p><br>
<p>According to exhibits at Fort Dunree, during World War II Irish troops manned the guns there with explicit instructions to fire at any ship that might threaten Irish neutrality by entering the natural harbour. There was reportedly only one serious incident, when a Royal Navy ship entered the lough and did not initially respond to signals that it should turn back. However, the ship turned around before Irish forces fired upon it.</p><br>
<p>Lough Foyle, sometimes Loch Foyle , is the estuary of the River Foyle, on the north coast of Ireland. It lies between County Londonderry in Northern Ireland and County Donegal in the Republic of Ireland. Sovereignty over these waters has been in dispute since the Partition of Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Ramsar site</h2><br>
<p>The Lough Foyle Ramsar site (wetlands of international importance designated under the Ramsar Convention), is 2204.36 hectares in area, at latitude 55 05 24 N and longitude 07 01 37 W. It was designated a Ramsar site on 2 February 1999. The site consists of a large shallow sea lough which includes the estuaries of the rivers Foyle, Faughan and Roe. It contains extensive intertidal areas of mudflats and sandflats, salt marsh and associated brackish ditches. The site qualified under Criterion 1 of the Ramsar Convention because it is a particularly good representative example of a wetland complex which plays a substantial hydrological, biological and ecological system role in the natural functioning of a major river basin located in a trans-border position. It also qualified under Ramsar criterion 2 as it supports an appreciable number of rare, vulnerable or endangered species of plant and animal. A range of notable fish species have been recorded for the Lough Foyle estuary</p><br>
<p>and the lower reaches of some of its tributary rivers. These include allis shad, twait shad, smelt and sea lamprey, all of which are Irish Red Data Book species. Important populations of Atlantic salmon migrate through the system to and from their spawning grounds.</p><br>
<p>The site also qualified under Ramsar criterion 3 as it supports a large numbers of wintering waterfowl including internationally important populations of whooper swan, light-bellied brent goose and bar-tailed godwit, as well as wildfowl species which are nationally important in an all-Ireland context, including red-throated diver, great crested grebe, mute swan, Bewick&#39;s swan, greylag goose, shelduck, common teal, mallard, Eurasian wigeon, common eider, and red-breasted merganser. Nationally important wader species include Eurasian oystercatcher, Eurasian golden plover, grey plover, lapwing, red knot, dunlin, Eurasian curlew, common redshank and greenshank.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>A survey of Lough Foyle was made between March 1937 and June 1939 by H. Blackler. In this a map shows the distribution of certain species of algae in the lough and a full annotated list of the algae recorded along with photographs of the different sites. The list included: Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, lichens and two species of Zostera. The marine algae of Lough Foyle are also included in Morton (2003).</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds has a reserve at the lough.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>In 1792 the four-mile Strabane Canal was constructed from the tidal waters of Lough Foyle at Leck, to Strabane. The canal fell into disuse in 1962. In June 2006 the Strabane Lifford Development Commission awarded a £1.3m cross-border waterways restoration contract. The project involves the restoration of one and a half miles of canal and two locks to working order. Work began on the Lough Foyle side of the canal in the summer of 2006 but by 2010 the partial restoration was deemed unsatisfactory and the local council refused to continue to maintain the canal. The Broharris Canal was constructed in the 1820s when a cut, some two miles long on the south shore of Lough Foyle near Ballykelly was made in the direction of Limavady. It served both as a drainage channel and a navigation with goods being brought from the Londonderry Port, and shellfish and kelp from the sand banks along the shore.</p><br>
<p>In the summer time, a ferry service operates between Greencastle and Magilligan across Lough Foyle.</p><br>
<h3>Railway travel</h3><br>
<p>Northern Ireland Railways runs from Londonderry railway station along the scenic shore of Lough Foyle, with views of Inishowen in County Donegal as well as the Atlantic Ocean via Coleraine to Belfast Central and Great Victoria Street. The strategically important Belfast-Derry railway line is to be upgraded to facilitate more frequent trains and improvements to the permanent way such as track and signalling to enable faster services.</p><br>
<p>From Londonderry railway station the next stop is Bellarena followed by Castlerock then Coleraine en route to Belfast. Walkers alighting from trains arriving at Castlerock can walk to Mussenden Temple owned by the National Trust and can see the mouth of Lough Foyle and Greencastle some distance away in County Donegal.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>The main character of Alfred Bester&#39;s famous science-fiction novel, The Stars My Destination, is named Gulliver Foyle. Bester took the names of his characters from various locations in Ireland and Great Britain.</p><br>
<h2>World War I</h2><br>
<p>The United States Navy established a naval air station on 1 July 1918 to operate seaplanes during World War I. The base closed shortly after the First Armistice at Compiègne.</p><br>
<h2>World War II</h2><br>
<p>At the end of World War II after the Allied victory, the remainder of the German Atlantic fleet of U-boats used to attack supply lines from America to Britain during the Battle of the Atlantic were assembled in Lough Foyle and scuttled, as part of Operation Deadlight.</p><br>
<h2>Disputed status</h2><br>
<p>Lough Foyle is a disputed territory between the Republic of Ireland and the UK; after the Partition of Ireland in 1922 each side claimed that it was in their own territory. Although this dispute is still ongoing there are currently no negotiations as to its ownership.</p><br>
<p>The UK&#39;s Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) underlined its view on 2 June 2009 that all of Lough Foyle is in the United Kingdom, a spokesperson stating</p><br>
<p>The UK position is that the whole of Lough Foyle is within the UK. We recognise that the Irish Government does not accept this position...There are no negotiations currently in progress on this issue. The regulation of activities in the Lough is now the responsibility of the Loughs Agency, a cross-border body established under the Belfast Agreement of 1998.</p><br>
<p>In November 2016, the UKs Secretary of State for Northern Ireland reiterated the UKs view that all of Lough Foyle is in the UK, whilst Irelands Minister for Foreign Affairs stated that Ireland did not recognise Britains claim to the entirety of Lough Foyle.</p><br>
<p>Clew Bay  is a natural ocean bay in County Mayo, Republic of Ireland. It contains Ireland&#39;s best example of sunken drumlins. The bay is overlooked by Croagh Patrick to the south and the Nephin Range mountains of North Mayo. Clare Island guards the entrance of the bay. From the southwest part of the bay eastwards are Louisburgh, Lecanvey, Murrisk, and Westport; north of Westport is Newport, and westwards from there lies Mulranny, gateway to Achill. From the south side of the bay, between Clare Island and Achill, Bills Rocks can be seen.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Clew Bay was the focus of the OMalley family possessions in the Middle Ages, and is associated especially with Grace OMalley or Granuaile. She is known as the Pirate Queen who commanded a fleet of ships and maintained several castles, including those on Clare Island, Achill and Rockfleet.</p><br>
<p>During the Irish Civil War in July 1922, 400 Free State troops were landed at Clew Bay to take Westport and Castlebar from Anti-Treaty forces.</p><br>
<h2>Inishgort Lighthouse</h2><br>
<p>Stands on Inishgort island 5 km from Murrisk.</p><br>
<h2>Fish Farming in Clew Bay</h2><br>
<p>In recent years there has been controversy over fish-farming in the bay. "The Organic Salmon Company" is based in Clare Island.</p><br>
<h2>Islands of Clew Bay</h2><br>
<p>The bay is also home to Dorinish, a private island purchased by John Lennon in 1967. Glenans Ireland, a non-profit sailing school, had a branch on Collanmore Island where sailing was taught.</p><br>
<p>Legend has it that Clew Bay has 365 islands in it—"an island for every day of the year". The large number of drumlins at the east end of the bay gave rise to this myth, but in fact there are not so many.</p><br>
<h3>Drumlin islands, sandbars, and rocks</h3><br>
<p>This chart shows the relative positions of the islands, sandbars, and rocks in the eastern half of Clew Bay. There are 117.</p><br>
<p>The Blue Stack Mountains or Bluestack Mountains, also called the Croaghgorms, are the major mountain range in the south of County Donegal, Ireland. They provide a barrier between the south of the county, such as Donegal Town and Ballyshannon, and the towns to the north and west such as Dungloe and Letterkenny. The road between the two parts of the county goes through the Barnesmore Gap.</p><br>
<p>The highest mountain in the range is Croaghgorm, which is 674 metres high. Nearby summits include Ardnageer (642 m), Croaghanirwore (548 m), Croaghbarnes (499 m), Croaghblane (641 m), Croaghnageer (571 m), Croveenananta (476 m), Gaugin Mountain (565 m), Lacroagh (403 m), Lavagh More (671 m) and Lavagh Beg (650 m).</p><br>
<h2>Pictures</h2><br>
<p>Cork Harbour is a natural harbour and river estuary at the mouth of the River Lee in County Cork, Ireland. It is one of several which lay claim to the title of "second largest natural harbour in the world by navigational area" . Other contenders include Halifax Harbour in Canada, and Poole Harbour in the United Kingdom.</p><br>
<p>The harbour has been a working port, and a strategic defensive hub, for centuries, and it has been one of Ireland&#39;s major employment hubs since the early 1900s. Traditional heavy industries have waned since the late 20th century, with the likes of the closure of Irish Steel in Haulbowline and shipbuilding at Verolme. It still has major and strategic significance in energy generation, shipping, refining and pharmaceuticals.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Cork City is located slightly upstream on the River Lee on the northwest corner of Cork Harbour. Several of the city&#39;s suburbs, including Blackrock, Mahon, Douglas, Passage West and Rochestown lie on Lough Mahon or the Douglas Estuary, both of which are parts of Upper Cork Harbour.</p><br>
<p>The Lower Harbour has a number of towns around its shores. Passage West, Monkstown, Ringaskiddy and the smaller village of Raffeen are found on the western shore. On the southwestern shore is Crosshaven. Great Island, which forms the northern shore of the lower harbour, houses the town of Cobh. As of 2011, Cobh had a population of about 12,500. The eastern shore is less densely populated, but has two villages Whitegate and Aghada, both home to power plants.</p><br>
<p>The village of Ballinacurra is on the northeastern spur of the harbour, known as the Ballynacorra River. Due to the recent expansion of the town of Midleton, Ballinacurra has effectively become a suburb of Midleton, so it could also be said that Midleton lies on Cork Harbour.</p><br>
<h2>Military</h2><br>
<p>Cork Harbour hosts the headquarters of the Irish Naval Service. Prior to the transfer of the treaty ports in 1938, Cork Harbour was an important base for the British Royal Navy.</p><br>
<p>Some of the first coastal defence fortifications built in Cork Harbour date to the 17th century, and were primarily intended to protect the approaches to Cork City. In the 18th century, fortifications were built on and opposite Haulbowline Island to protect the anchorage in Cobh - including Cove Fort (1743). Fort Camden and Fort Carlisle were built at opposite sides of the harbour entrance during the period of the American War of Independence.</p><br>
<p>The harbour&#39;s military significance increased during the Napoleonic Wars, when the naval establishment in Kinsale was transferred to Cork Harbour. The harbour became an important anchorage, which could be used to guard the entrance to the English Channel and maintain the blockade of France. At this time, the naval dockyard on Haulbowline Island was constructed, as well as a fort on Spike Island (later to become Fort Westmoreland) and a number of Martello Towers and other fortifications were added or improved around the harbour.</p><br>
<p>The fortifications were developed throughout the 19th century and a further fort, Fort Templebreedy, was added to the south of Fort Camden at the beginning of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>At the time of Irish independence, Cork Harbour was included, along with Berehaven and Lough Swilly, in a list of British naval establishments that would remain under the control of the Royal Navy, although the naval dockyard on Haulbowline Island was handed over to the Irish Free State in 1923.</p><br>
<p>Although the Royal Navy appreciated the location of Cork Harbour, particularly for submarines, which had a significantly shorter range in the 1920s, maintenance of the fortifications became an issue after Ireland became independent. on Spike Island protecting the mouth of the harbour. The political uncertainty over the future of the treaty ports meant that the British government was not inclined to invest in their upgrade. Also, at the time of their construction, nobody had considered the possibility of air attack and as they were unable to expand, there was no possibility of adding adequate air cover. Finally, if the Irish Free State was hostile during any conflict, the treaty ports would have to be supplied by sea rather than land, wasting resources. In March 1938, the British government announced that the treaty ports would be handed over unconditionally, and on 11 July 1938, the defences at Cork Harbour were handed over to the Irish military authorities at a ceremony attended by Taoiseach Éamon de Valera.</p><br>
<p>Since being handed over to the Irish military, most of the military installations have ceased to be used for military purposes. Fort Carlisle was renamed Fort Davis and is used by the Defence Forces for training - but is in a somewhat neglected state. Fort Camden became officially known as Fort Meagher and while no longer in military use, has been subject to renovation by local volunteers and enthusiasts, and can be visited by the public on certain days. The fort was officially renamed as of 11 July 2013 as Camden Fort Meagher, to account for both its British military and Irish military history. Locally, the two forts are sometimes known as "Camden" and "Carlisle", rather than their official titles. Fort Westmoreland became Fort Mitchell Spike Island prison, and has since ceased use for military or prison purposes. "Spike" was gifted to Cork County Council by the State and has been renovated as a tourist attraction by council workers and volunteers under the supervision of archaeologists. The fortifications on Haulbowline Island however have been maintained, and are now the headquarters of the Irish Naval Service.</p><br>
<h2>Industry</h2><br>
<p>Cork Harbour is one of the most important industrial areas in Ireland. While several traditional industries such as shipbuilding at Verolme Dockyards, steel-making on Haulbowline Island and fertiliser manufacturing at IFI (Irish Fertiliser Industries) have ceased in recent years, they have been replaced with newer industries and Cork Harbour is now significant within the pharmaceutical industry. Large international firms such as Pfizer, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline and Janssen Pharmaceutica (a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson) are significant employers in the region. There has however been some concern since the post-2008 Irish economic downturn, as several of the pharmaceutical companies in Cork have shed jobs, notably Pfizer which announced the loss of 177 jobs in June 2012. There are in excess of 100 other pharmaceutical firms operating in the Cork Harbour area. The main centres of the pharmaceutical industry are Little Island and Ringaskiddy. Ireland&#39;s only oil refinery is located at Whitegate on the southeastern shore.</p><br>
<h2>Marine activity</h2><br>
<h3>Commercial</h3><br>
<p>Historically, the navigation and port facilities of the harbour were managed by the Cork Harbour Commissioners. Founded in 1814, the Cork Harbour Commissioners were reorganised as the Port of Cork Company in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Vessels up to are capable of coming through the harbour entrance. As the shipping channels get shallower the farther inland one travels, access becomes constricted, and only vessels up to can sail above Cobh.</p><br>
<p>The Port of Cork provides pilotage and towage facilities for vessels entering Cork Harbour. All vessels accessing the quays in Cork City must be piloted and all vessels exceeding 130 metres in length must be piloted once they pass within 2.5 nmi of the harbour entrance at a point marked by the Spit Bank Lighthouse which is the landmark boundary for compulsory pilotage.</p><br>
<p>The Port of Cork has berthing facilities at Cork City, Tivoli, Cobh and Ringaskiddy. The facilities in Cork City are primarily used for grain and oil transport. Tivoli (downstream of the older city quays) provides container handling, facilities for oil, livestock and ore and a roll on-roll off (Ro-Ro) ramp. Prior to the opening of Ringaskiddy Ferry Port, car ferries sailed from here; now, the Ro-Ro ramp is used by companies importing cars into Ireland. In addition to the ferry terminal, which provides a service to Roscoff in France, Ringaskiddy has a deep water port.</p><br>
<p>The Port of Cork company is a commercial semi-state company responsible for the commercial running of the harbour as well as responsibility for navigation and berthage in the port. In 2011 the port had a turnover of €21.4 million and made pre-tax profits of €1.2 million. This was down from a turnover of €26.4 million and profits of €5.4 million in 2006. Container traffic increased by 6% in 2011 when 156,667teus were handled at the Tivoli container facility, however this was down from a peak of 185,000 TEUs in 2006. The 2006 figure saw the port at full capacity and the Port drew up plans for a new container facility capable of handling up to 400,000 teus per annum at Ringaskiddy. This was the subject of objections and after an oral planning hearing was held in 2008, the Irish planning board Bord Pleanala rejected the plan due to inadequate rail and road links at the location.</p><br>
<p>There has been an increase in cruise ship visits to Cork Harbour in the early 21st century, with 53 such ships visiting the port in 2011. The majority of these cruise ships berth at Cobh&#39;s Deepwater Quay. Historically, Cobh (under its former name Queenstown) was one of the principal ports through which flowed the stream of emigrants stemming from the Great Famine in the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>There are also a number of private berths around the harbour, with several centred on Whitegate, Passage West, Rushbrooke, Ringaskiddy and Haulbowline.</p><br>
<h3>Recreational</h3><br>
<p>The Royal Cork Yacht Club – which claims to be the world&#39;s oldest – is based in Crosshaven. There is another marina at East Ferry on Great Island. Small facilities at Monkstown and Blackrock are used for boating, canoeing, windsurfing and jet-skiing. A number of rowing clubs have facilities on the part of the River Lee between Cork City and Blackrock.</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>Cork Harbour contains a number of islands. Islands which are or have been inhabited include:</p><br>
<p>Great Island – The largest island in Cork Harbour, which includes the town of Cobh</p><br>
<p>Fota Island – Containing Fota Wildlife Park, Fota Golf Course, Fota House and Arboretum and the Fota Island Resort Hotel</p><br>
<p>Little Island – A residential and industrial area</p><br>
<p>Haulbowline Island – Headquarters of the Irish Naval Service</p><br>
<p>Spike Island – Former prison island</p><br>
<p>Harper Island, County Cork</p><br>
<p>Hop Island, County Cork – Site of an equestrian centre</p><br>
<p>Weir Island, County Cork</p><br>
<p>Brick Island, County Cork</p><br>
<p>Corkbeg Island, County Cork – Whitegate Oil Refinery</p><br>
<p>Brown Island, County Cork</p><br>
<p>Rocky Island – Once housed a magazine building for the Royal Navy. Used by Irish Steel for storage until 2002. Now home to The Island Crematorium, the first crematorium in Ireland outside Dublin.</p><br>
<p>Bantry Bay  is a bay located in County Cork, Ireland. The bay runs approximately 35 km from northeast to southwest into the Atlantic Ocean. It is approximately 3-to-4 km  wide at the head and 10 km wide at the entrance.</p><br>
<p>Bantry Inshore Search & Rescue Association (BISRA) provides an emergency lifeboat service to the Bantry Harbour community. Equipped with a high speed rescue RIB BISRA is a declared resource of the Irish Coastguard.</p><br>
<h2>Geographic features</h2><br>
<p>The bay is a deep (approx 40 metres in the middle) and large natural bay, with one of the longest inlets in southwest Ireland, bordered on the north by Beara Peninsula, which separates Bantry Bay from Kenmare Bay. The southern boundary is Sheep&#39;s Head Peninsula, separating Bantry Bay from Dunmanus Bay. The main islands in the bay are Bere Island and Whiddy Island. Bere Island is located near the entrance to the bay. On the north side of the island is Berehaven Harbour and Castletown Bearhaven port. The town of Rerrin is the largest settlement on the island. The village of Ballynakilla is also located there.</p><br>
<p>Whiddy Island is at the head of the bay near the south shore. It is the main petroleum terminus for Ireland, the harbour ideally suited for large oceangoing tankers. A Single Point Mooring (SPM) at the Whiddy Island oil terminal is operated by Zenith Energy Management. Bantry Bay was featured during a famous Gulf Oil commercial showing the supertanker "Universe Kuwait" that aired during Apollo space coverage in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Towns and villages around the bay include: Adrigole, Bantry, Ballylickey, Cahermore, Cappanolsha, Castletownbere (Castletown Bearhaven), Donemark, Foilakill, Gerahies, and Glengarriff. Main routes that follow parts of the bay include the R572 (part of the "Ring of Beara") and the N71. The Bantry Bay Golf Club is at the head of the bay, across from Whiddy Island. The OSullivan Beara Dunboy Castle is just across from Bere Island in Berehaven Harbour. "Copper John" Puxleys Manor is in Dunboy. Daphne Du Maurier’s novel ‘Hungry Hill’ is based on the Puxley family’s involvement in the area’s tin and copper mining industry.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Rebellion of 1798</h3><br>
<p>The town of Bantry, at the head of the bay, is associated with the Irish Rebellion of 1798 through an earlier attempt, led by Irish revolutionary Wolfe Tone, to launch a rebellion there in December 1796. A French fleet, consisting of 43 ships carrying 15,000 troops, had divided mid-Atlantic into smaller groups to avoid interception by the Royal Navy and planned to reform at Bantry Bay. The bulk of the fleet arrived successfully but several ships, including the flagship Fraternité carrying General Hoche, were delayed. While awaiting their arrival, bad weather intervened and the lack of leadership, together with uneasiness at the prospect of being trapped, forced the decision to return to France. Tone wrote of the expedition in his diary, saying that "We were close enough to toss a biscuit ashore in Ahabeg in Berehaven Harbour." The square in Bantry is today named after Wolfe Tone.</p><br>
<h3>Bantry Longboat/Bere Island Longboat</h3><br>
<p>A longboat used in a French scouting expedition landed in Bere Island and lay in Berehaven harbour for 102 years. It was taken to Bantry House in 1898, moved from Bantry House to Dublin in 1944 and was presented to the National Museum of Ireland. In 1977, it was lent to the Maritime Institute of Ireland who exhibited it at the National Maritime Museum of Ireland, Dún Laoghaire, until 2003. A scale model is now displayed. The longboat was restored at the Liverpool Museum at a cost of €50,000 and is on display in the National Museum of Ireland, Collins Barracks, as part of the Soldiers and Chiefs exhibition</p><br>
<h3>Betelgeuse disaster</h3><br>
<p>On 8 January 1979, 50 people were killed when a French oil tanker, the Betelgeuse, was offloading at Whiddy Island when it caught fire, exploded, and broke into three pieces. The bay has had numerous shipwrecks over the years. In 1981, while cleanup efforts using sonar sweeps for the Betelgeuse were under way, the wreck of the French frigate La Surveillante, which had been scuttled during a storm north of Whiddy Island on 2 January 1797, was found.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical stats</h2><br>
<p>United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) code: IEBYT</p><br>
<p>The River Nore  is a 140 km long river located in south-east of Ireland. Along with the River Suir and River Barrow, it is one of the constituent rivers of the group known as the Three Sisters. The river drains approximately 977 square miles of Leinster. The long term average flow rate of the River Nore is 42.9 cubic metres per second  The river rises in the Devil&#39;s Bit Mountain, County Tipperary. Flowing generally southeast, and then south, before emptying into the Celtic Sea at Waterford Harbour, Waterford.</p><br>
<p>Parts of the river are listed as Special Areas of Conservation.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The river is known in Irish as An Fheoir, possibly referring to féar, "grass." In 1732 John Loveday spelled it Neor and Neure.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Nore rises on the eastern slopes of the Devils Bit Mountain in the townland of Borrisnoe, County Tipperary. It then flows south-eastwards to County Laois and County Kilkenny before joining the River Barrow just north of New Ross near the Barrow Bridge. The river passes near Durrow, County Laois then through Ballyragget, the city of Kilkenny and then the villages of Bennettsbridge and Thomastown. It flows through the Mount Juliet estate. Further south, it forms a picturesque V-shaped river valley, particularly notable near the village of Inistioge, the tidal limit. Major tributaries of the Nore include the Dinan, the Breagagh at Kilkenny City, the Kings River, the Little Arrigle and the Black Water.</p><br>
<p>List of places along the river.</p><br>
<p>Devil&#39;s Bit Mountain (begins)</p><br>
<p>Castletown</p><br>
<p>Durrow, County Laois (near)</p><br>
<p>Ballyragget</p><br>
<p>Kilkenny</p><br>
<p>Bennettsbridge</p><br>
<p>Thomastown</p><br>
<p>Inistioge</p><br>
<p>List of tributaries</p><br>
<p>River Erkina</p><br>
<p>River Dinan (Dinin, Deen)</p><br>
<p>White Horse (Mountrath River)</p><br>
<p>Breagagh</p><br>
<p>King&#39;s River</p><br>
<p>Little Arrigle</p><br>
<p>Black Water</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>It rises on a sandstone base but the catchment soon turns to limestone and remains so to the sea. The countryside is one of mixed farming, with some tillage, quite a bit of pasture and dairying and some bloodstock. The river has a fairly steep gradient but the flow is checked by innumerable weirs and it is probably true to say that shallow glides are the pre-dominant feature.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In pre-Famine years, many water powered industries existed in the Nore valley, particularly in the ten mile (16 km) stretch between Kilkenny City and Thomastown; breweries, woolen mills, sawmills, marble works, distillaries and grain mills. Flax and linen were also produced just north of Kilkenny City.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Kilkenny fishing club has extensive fishing rights on the River Nore and its tributary, the River Dinan. Popular with anglers, it holds brown trout and salmon.</p><br>
<p>Some of these weirs along the river have good playboating qualities. The river is long and mostly flat and dotted with weirs at most of the villages it passes through.</p><br>
<p>Salmon runs on the river Nore were interrupted in 2005 and 2006 by a flood relief scheme in Kilkenny city carried out by the Office of Public Works. Initially budgeted at €13.1 million, the scheme was delivered at a cost in excess of €48 million and did not contain suitable fish passes. This oversight has since been rectified at additional expense and salmon can now ascend the river upstream of Kilkenny city.</p><br>
<p>Wexford Harbour  in County Wexford, Ireland is the natural harbour at the mouth of the River Slaney. In earlier times, the area occupied by the harbour was considerably larger than it is today, up to ten miles  wide at its widest point, with large mud flats on both sides. These were known as the North Slob and the South Slob from the Irish word slab, meaning mud. It contained several islands, the large island of Beggerin was known to be a safe refuge for early Christian settlements.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>Vikings arrived from Norway in 819 AD and founded the city of Wexford calling it Waes Fjord, meaning inlet of the mudflats, and the modern name has evolved from this. Over the course of about 300 years, the Norse settled in Wexford, intermarried with the local population and gradually converted to Christianity. They forged temporary alliances with Irish kings, sometimes fighting with other Norse towns; at other times, such as in 933 and 1161 they were attacked by the Irish. The Norse remained in control until 1169 AD when Wexford was attacked by a superior force of Norman and Irish soldiers. There was a short battle after which the Hiberno-Norse withdrew within the walls leaving their ships unprotected. These were set on fire by the attackers - this may have been the origin of the Wexford Town crest, the three burning ships.</p><br>
<h3>The 17th century</h3><br>
<p>Wexford became a major maritime port exporting fish, cloth, wool and hides. It was Ireland&#39;s leading fishing port in the 15th and 16th century exporting mainly to ports along the west coast of England and Wales. In 1642, the Dublin government in a dispatch from London described Wexford as "a place plentiful in ships and seamen, and where the rebels have set up Spanish colours on their walls in defiance of the kings and kingdom of England, and have gotten in from foreign parts great stores of arms and ammunition". This was only one year after the Irish Rebellion of 1641 when Flemish mariners were encouraged to use Wexford Harbour to attack British ships passing along the Irish Sea from ports Whitehaven to Bristol and even in the English Channel. Wexford Harbour was a marvellous base for operations; it was strategically located at the junction of the Irish Sea, the Western Approaches of the English Channel and the Atlantic Ocean. The difficult navigation of the harbour gave security to the locals, as larger attacking ships could not enter. The sandbanks and narrow channels did not present much difficulty to the Dunkirk frigates or the local shallow draft cargo ships.</p><br>
<h3>Cromwell</h3><br>
<p>By the mid-1640s, the privateering community of Irish, Flemish and French based in Wexford had a fleet of 200 cargo ships and 21 frigates whose purpose was to attack English ships between Biscay and the Baltic. Within a few years this fleet had doubled. However, it could not last. In 1649, a parliamentary army under Oliver Cromwell landed in Dublin and after some months set out to conquer Wexford. An army of 7,000 foot soldiers and 2,000 cavalry camped north of the town and sent a detachment to capture Rosslare fort at the mouth of the harbour. This enabled Cromwells fleet to enter the harbour unopposed. The army moved to south of the town and bombarded Wexford Castle. Initially, Cromwell issued a summons to surrender, offering lenient terms in the hope that he could secure Wexford intact and use it as winter quarters for his troops. The mayor, aldermen and many citizens of Wexford were prepared to surrender but the military commander played for time. Cromwell lost patience and talks broke down. The bombardment continued and after a week or so Cromwells troops breached the defences when the commander of the castle surrendered. The castle guns were turned on the town and Cromwells troops launched an immediate attack on the towns defenders.</p><br>
<p>Irish troops made a stand in the market square, but they were quickly overwhelmed. Cromwell and his officers made no attempt to restrain their soldiers, who slaughtered the Wexford defenders and plundered the town. Hundreds of civilians were shot or drowned as they tried to escape the carnage by fleeing across the River Slaney. The Irish privateering fleet was finally broken up. Afterwards, Cromwell expressed no remorse for the massacre of civilians at Wexford in his subsequent report to Parliament. He regarded it as a further judgement upon the perpetrators of the Catholic uprising of 1641 and also upon the pirates who had operated out of Wexford harbour. His principal regret was that the town was so badly damaged during the sack that it was no longer suitable as winter quarters.</p><br>
<h3>Act of Union</h3><br>
<p>In 1764 the historian Amyas Griffith wrote that Wexford&#39;s chief export was corn (2 million barrels per year), herrings, beer, beef, hides, tallow, butter etc. and they trade to all parts of the globe but in particular to Liverpool, Barbados, Dublin, Norway and Bordeaux. The town continued to experience expansion and economic growth and in 1772 two important bodies were set up - the Quay Corporation with full responsibility for shipping, quays and harbour and the Bridge Corporation to build two bridges across the Slaney at Wexford and Ferrycarrig. By 1788, Wexford, with 44 cargo ships and 200 herring boats was the sixth busiest port in Ireland. However the dangerous state of the harbour was a major impediment to trade. A new body - The Corporation for the Improvement of the Bar, Town & Harbour of Wexford was set up to improve and enhance the channel and to build quays, wharves and docks.</p><br>
<p>The Irish Rebellion of 1798 resulted in the hurried passing of the Act of Union in 1800. This created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Ireland was ruled solely through the British Parliament at Westminster. From then until Ireland achieved independence, all major decisions regarding Wexford Harbour were taken by Westminster. Unfortunately, this did not work to the advantage of the harbour and the improvement of its navigation. The pity was that those interested in improving the harbour, linked their proposed improvements with land reclamation; a linkage that would ultimately help to destroy access to Wexford by all but shallow draft vessels.</p><br>
<h3>Destruction of the harbour by drainage works</h3><br>
<p>In the 19th century, dykes were built and pumping systems installed to drain the slobs, producing fine agricultural land below sea level in polders similar to those in the Netherlands. The size of the harbour was reduced considerably. What was left was mostly shallow and up to today suffers from serious silt problems. The tides and currents of the river frequently shift mud and sand in the harbour. Islands of sand can appear and then disappear over the course of a few weeks, particularly at the mouth of the harbour. As a result, the harbour is not suitable for large ships and is used mainly by mussel dredgers and pleasure craft.</p><br>
<h2>Sailing directions</h2><br>
<p>Entry for sailors unfamiliar with the harbour is not straightforward. It is best within two hours either side of high water and safest for boats drawing less than 1.5 metres. In strong winds between SE and NE direction, the sea breaks on the bar. Entry is then hazardous and should not be attempted.</p><br>
<p>Northerly Island is a 91 acre man-made peninsula along Chicago&#39;s lakefront. The site of the Adler Planetarium, Northerly Island connects to the mainland through a narrow isthmus along Solidarity Drive dominated by Neoclassical sculptures of Kościuszko, Havliček and Copernicus. With the demolition of Meigs Field Airport, it is now a part of the Museum Campus and has been converted into parkland. A semi-temporary concert venue, the Huntington Bank Pavilion occupies part of the site of the former airport.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The idea for Northerly Island began with Daniel Burnhams "Plan of Chicago" which called for the creation of Northerly Island as a lakefront park at the northern end of a five-island chain between Jackson Park and 12th Street, the only lakefront structure to be built based on Burnhams 1909 Plan of Chicago (a plan created just over 5 years after the Wright Brothers&#39; historic first flight). Northerly Island forms the southern end of Chicago Harbor (now Monroe Harbor), and the eastern boundary of Burnham Harbor. As indicated by the color green on the original plan, the island was to be populated by trees and grass for the public enjoyment. Daniel Burnham died in 1912. By 1916, Edward H. Bennett, co-author of the Plan of Chicago, wrote that a lakefront location would be most suitable for an airport serving the central business district. By 1922, Chicago Mayor William Hale Thompson recommended locating the downtown airport at Northerly Island.</p><br>
<p>Work on the island began in 1920 when Chicago voters approved a $20 million bond issue to create Northerly Island, with construction completed by 1925. Due to the Great Depression and WW II, the proposed airport, later named Meigs Field, did not open until 1946.</p><br>
<p>A short time later in 1930 Adler Planetarium was built, and in 1933–34 the island was at the center of festivities at the "Century of Progress" World&#39;s Fair. Taking part in the Century of Progress Exposition, 24 Italian Savoia-Marchetti S55X flying boats, under the command of General Italo Balbo, make the first transatlantic formation flight between Italy and Chicago. Ironically, only flying boats could be used because Chicago did not yet have a suitable nearby airport, except for Grant Park, which was occasionally used as a landing strip. Local publishing mogul Merrill C. Meigs supported earlier recommendations for converting Northerly Island into an airport, but construction did not begin for numerous reasons, such as lack of funds during the Great Depression and WW II. Construction did not begin until after a competing proposal to host the United Nations Headquarters on the island was lost in 1946. The Works Progress Administration connected the island to the mainland via a causeway at 12th Street in 1938. During this period Northerly Island was full of paths and walkways as well as a beach at 12th Street.</p><br>
<p>Although Mayor Richard J. Daley unofficially proposed converting Meigs Field into a lakefront park, the airport&#39;s lease was not set to expire until 1996. His son, Mayor Richard M. Daley, who had pledged to keep the airport open until 2006, reneged and illegally tore up the runways at Meigs Field in the middle of the night, in 2003, purportedly in the name of homeland security. Plans followed to convert the area into green space and expand upon the neighboring Museum Campus.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>In 2005, an outdoor concert venue opened on the northern part of Northerly Island. Originally named Charter One Pavilion, it was expanded in 2013 and renamed to FirstMerit Bank Pavilion, and as of January 2017 it is named Huntington Bank Pavilion.</p><br>
<p>In December 2010, the Chicago Parks District unveiled its framework plan for Northerly Island, to be completed over the next 20–30 years. The park will provide a variety of uses year-round with ecology and education central themes. A reef will be built, and the park will be designated into zones of "passive" and "active" relating to the amount of human activity.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, a 40-acre park opened on the southern part of the island. The park features a concrete trail for walking and bicycle riding, a lagoon, and landscaped wildlife habitats.</p><br>
<p>Northerly Island&#39;s nature preserve is meant to revitalize the environment that was originally there. The new park is now home to migratory birds and natural wildlife. To protect its new inhabitants, dogs are not allowed on the park.</p><br>
<p>The mile of paved paths has no lighting to create as natural of an environment as possible. The park is opened until 11:00 PM, and it is advised by park security to bring a flashlight.</p><br>
<p>The park is home to many of Illinois natural wildlife, including monarch butterflies and herons. The parks 5-acre lagoon welcomes many kinds of animals. To make the park as inviting to these animals as possible, over 11,000 shrubs and 400 trees were planted.</p><br>
<h2>Events and activities</h2><br>
<h3>The Great Chicago Fire Festival</h3><br>
<p>On September 26, 2015, the closing ceremonies of the second annual Great Chicago Fire Festival was held on Northerly Island after being moved from its original location on the Chicago Riverfront in 2014. This event is put on by Redmoon Theater in conjunction with the City of Chicago and Chicago Park District and is meant to commemorate the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The closing ceremony includes a dramatic burning of the "GRIT House," food concessions, performance stages, and a dramatic fireworks finale, among other things.</p><br>
<h3>Community events</h3><br>
<p>The Chicago Park District hosts many events on Northerly Island to allow individuals and families to take advantage of all the natural area the park has to offer.</p><br>
<h4>Polar Adventure Days</h4><br>
<p>During the winter months, the Chicago Park District hosts Polar Adventure Days, allowing parents to bring their children and experience nature in ways that would normally not be possible for those living in a city environment. On these Polar Adventure Days, the Park District offers free snowshoe rental (when there are 3 or more inches of snow) and cross country skiing, as well as a host of indoor activities in the Northerly Island Visitors Center.</p><br>
<p>Lough Ree  is a lake in the midlands of Ireland, the second of the three major lakes on the River Shannon. Lough Ree is the second largest lake on the Shannon after Lough Derg. The other two major lakes are Lough Allen to the north, and Lough Derg to the south, there are also several minor lakes along the length of the river. The lake serves as a border between the counties of Longford and Westmeath  on the eastern side and County Roscommon in the province of Connacht on the western side. The lake is popular for fishing and boating. The lake supports a small commercial eel fishery and is locally famous for its eels on wheels truck. The town of Athlone is situated at the southern end of the lake, and has a harbour for boats going out on the lake. The small town of Lanesboro is at the northern end of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The island of Inchcleraun (Inis Cloithreann) in the northern part of the lake is the site of a monastery founded in the early Christian era and contains the remains of several ancient churches. In Irish legends, it was on this island that Queen Maeve was killed. The Viking Turgesius controlled a ringfort on the shores until his death by drowning in Lough Owel.</p><br>
<p>Families lived on some of the islands in Lough Ree including Inchcleraun, (Walsh & Farrell) The Black Islands (Hanly & O&#39;Hara) Inchmore (Tiernan, Quigley, Nolan & Keefe), Hare Island (Duffy), Inchbofin (Connell), Inch Turk (Ganly, Slevin & Walsh) until the 1950s, when they were rehoused ashore. Like several other Irish loughs, Lough Ree has been the scene of claimed sightings of a lake monster over the years.</p><br>
<p>The Geographical centre of Ireland is in the townland of Carnagh East, Co. Roscommon on the western shore of Lough Ree, opposite the Cribby Islands Also Hodson pillar which is located on an island on the lake is said to be the most central point in Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Lough Ree has been designated a Special Area of Conservation. The main habitat, by area, is the lake itself, but there are other habitats including bog.</p><br>
<p>Lough Ree site has been designated a Special Protection Area on the basis of its migratory waterfowl, with nationally important numbers of Tachybaptus ruficollis.</p><br>
<p>It is also an Important Bird Area.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>Jim O&#39;Connor was the first person to solo swim the length of Lough Ree in 2012. The 33.91 kilometres swim lasted 13 hours and 34 minutes. Jim completed this swim to raise funds for South Westmeath Hospice.</p><br>
<h2>Annalistic references</h2><br>
<p>From the Annals of Inisfallen:</p><br>
<p>AI907.1 Kl. The plundering of Lough Rí by the men of Mumu as far as Mairg Laigen and Mag Léna, as a result of which Mael Craíbe son of Cathalán, king of Cenél Fiachrach,and many others were slain.</p><br>
<p>AI922.2 Tomrair son of Elgi, a Jarl of the foreigners, on Luimnech (the Lower Shannon), and he proceeded and plundered Inis Celtra and Muicinis, and burned Cluain Moccu Nóis; and he went on Loch Rí and plundered all its islands, and he ravaged Mide.</p><br>
<p>From the Annals of the Four Masters:</p><br>
<p>M934.6.Amhlaibh Ceannchairech, with the foreigners, came from Loch Eirne across Breifne to Loch Ribh. On the night of Great Christmas they reached the Sinainn, and they remained seven months there; and Magh-Aei was spoiled and plundered by them.</p><br>
<p>From the Annals of Inisfallen</p><br>
<p>AI988.2 A fleet, viz. 300 boats, on Loch Rí by Brian, and they harried Mide and went to Uisnech. And twenty five boats of these went into Connachta, and a great slaughter of their crews was inflicted there, including Dúnlang, king of Raithlenn, Niall Ua hEirc, Dúngalach Ua Loingsig, and many others. And by them was slain Muirgius son of Conchobar, royal heir of Connachta.</p><br>
<p>AI993.2 A naval raid by Brian, and he reached Breifne from Loch Rí by way of Áth Liac northwards.</p><br>
<p>AI1016.3 A great hosting by Brian&#39;s son to Loch Rí, and he plundered Inis Clothrann (Inchcleraun) and Inis Bó Finne (Inchbofin), brought away the boats of Mael Sechnaill and Leth Cuinn, and took the hostages of Mumu from Cnámhchaill westwards.</p><br>
<p>The Glanfurt River is the outflow of the Wörthersee in Austria, also called Sattnitz by the Carinthian people. It starts at the lakes eastern bay, south of the peninsula Maria Loretto and runs more like a channel straight to the east. It passes Viktring Abbey, an old monastery which is now a suburb of Carinthias capital Klagenfurt, and finally flows into the Glan River near the market town of Ebenthal. In summer it is the southern recreation area of Klagenfurt with a number of opportunities for free bathing and a bicycle track along the river.</p><br>
<p>The river was to become a national borderline following the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, which then had not been established according to the results of the 1920 Carinthian Plebiscite.</p><br>
<p>Black Mountain is a small mountain with an elevation of 812 m that is situated to the west of the Canberra central business district on the northern shore of Lake Burley Griffin, in the Australian Capital Territory of Australia. Black Mountain is protected from development by the Canberra Nature Park and is predominantly covered in native bushland and is a haven to native wildlife.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is located west of the main campus of the Australian National University and, together with the ridge, forms a natural west and northwestern boundary for Canberra city. Black Mountain rises 256 m above the water level of Lake Burley Griffin that lies at its base. Situated close to the highest point on the mountain is Black Mountain Tower (previously known as Telstra Tower, and Telecom Tower), a broadcasting tower rising a further 195 m above the summit.</p><br>
<p>The Australian National Botanic Gardens and the CSIRO share the eastern base of Black Mountain, next to the Australian National University.</p><br>
<p>Black Mountain was originally named Black Hill at the same time as the naming of nearby Red Hill. The original name explains why the mountain is not now known as Mount Black like nearby Mount Majura and Mount Ainslie. The early European settlers referred to the mountain formation as the Canberry Ranges.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The bulk of Black Mountain consists of the white quartz Black Mountain Sandstone. This was deposited in the late early Silurian age. On the south east slopes and north west there are exposures of State Circle shale. The Black Mountain Peninsula contains mudstone in the north and greywacke from the Ordovician age Pittman Formation in the south.</p><br>
<p>The Stanley Hotel is a 142-room Colonial Revival hotel in Estes Park, Colorado. Approximately five miles from the entrance to Rocky Mountain National Park, the Stanley offers panoramic views of Lake Estes, the Rockies and especially Long&#39;s Peak. It was built by Freelan Oscar Stanley of Stanley Steamer fame and opened on July 4, 1909, catering to the American upper class at the turn of the century. The hotel and its surrounding structures are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Stanley Hotel hosted the horror novelist Stephen King, serving as inspiration for the Overlook Hotel in his 1977 bestseller The Shining and its 1980 film adaption of the same name, as well as the location for the 1997 miniseries. Today, it includes a restaurant, spa, and bed-and-breakfast and provides guided tours which feature the history and alleged paranormal activity of the site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1903, the Yankee steam-powered car inventor Freelan Oscar Stanley (1849-1940) was stricken with a life-threatening resurgence of tuberculosis. The most highly recommended treatment of the day was fresh, dry air with lots of sunlight and a hearty diet. Therefore, like many "lungers" of his day, Stanley resolved to take the curative air of Rocky Mountain Colorado. He and Flora arrived in Denver in March and, in June, decided to spend the rest of the summer in the mountains, in Estes Park. Over the course of the season, Stanley&#39;s health improved dramatically. Impressed by the beauty of the valley and grateful for his recovery, he decided to return every year. He lived to the ripe age of 91, dying of a heart attack in Newton, Massachusetts, one year after his wife, in 1940.</p><br>
<p>By 1907, Stanley had recovered completely. However, not content with the rustic accommodations, lazy pastimes and relaxed social scene of their new summer home, Stanley resolved to turn Estes Park into a resort town. In 1907, construction began on the Hotel Stanley, a 48-room grand hotel that catered to the class of wealthy urbanites who composed the Stanleys&#39; social circle back east.</p><br>
<p>The land was officially purchased in 1908 through the representatives of Lord Dunraven, the Anglo-Irish peer who had originally acquired it by stretching the provisions of the Homestead Act and pre-emption rights. Between 1872 and 1884, Dunraven claimed 15,000 acre of the Estes Valley in an unsuccessful attempt to create a private hunting preserve, making him one of the largest foreign holders of American lands. Unpopular with the local ranchers and farmers, Dunraven left the area for the last time in 1884 relegating the ranch to the management of an overseer. Dunravens presence in Colorado had become so well known in the United States that his situation was parodied in Charles Kings novel Dunraven Ranch (1892) as well as James A. Michener&#39;s Centennial (1974). His reputation was such that, when Stanley suggested "The Dunraven" as a name for his new hotel, 180 people signed a buckskin petition requesting that he name it for himself instead.</p><br>
<p>The structure was completed in 1909 and featured a hydraulic elevator, dual electric and gas lighting, running water, a telephone in every guest room and a fleet of specially-designed Stanley "Model Z" Mountain Wagons to bring guests from the train depot twenty miles away; all of this at a time when Estes Park was little more than a locale for hunters and naturalists. Originally, Stanley chose an ocher color for the hotels exterior with white accents and trim. The hotel was not equipped with heat until 1983 and closed for the winter every year. The presence of the hotel and Stanleys own involvement greatly contributed to the growth of Estes Park (incorporated in 1917) and the creation of the Rocky Mountain National Park (established in 1915).</p><br>
<p>Stanley operated the hotel almost as a pastime remarking once that he spent more money than he made each summer. In 1926, he sold the Stanley to a private company incorporated for the sole purpose of running it. The venture failed and, in 1929, Stanley purchased his property out of foreclosure selling it again, in 1930, to fellow auto and hotel magnate Roe Emery of Denver. During Emery&#39;s tenure as owner, the structures were painted white inside and out and most of the original electro-gas fixtures were replaced.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Stanley Hotel National Register Historic District contains eleven contributing buildings including the main hotel, a concert hall, carriage house and The Lodge, a smaller bed-and-breakfast originally called Stanley Manor. The buildings were designed by F.O. Stanley with the professional assistance of Denver architect T. Robert Wieger, Henry "Lord Cornwallis" Rogers, and contractor Frank Kirchoff. The site was chosen for its vantage overlooking the Estes valley and Longs Peak within the National Park. The main building is a steel-frame structure with wood cladding resting upon a granite masonry foundation. Wood for flooring, clapboarding and finishing was brought from Kirchoffs Denver Lumberyard and the Bluff City Lumber Company of Pine Bluff, Arkansas. The Griffith sawmill near Bierstadt Lake and Stanley&#39;s own Hidden Valley lumber operation, located in the future national park, supplied framing material. The materials were brought to Lyons, Colorado by rail and thence to Estes Park by mule-drawn wagon. Simultaneously, Stanley oversaw the construction of a hydroelectric power plant which brought electricity to Estes Park for the first time in 1909. Stanley claimed that his hotel was the first to be powered entirely by electricity from the lighting to the kitchens. Water was supplied by the Black Canyon Creek which was dammed in 1906.</p><br>
<p>The style of the campus is so-called Colonial Revival. Although rare in the western United States, F.O. Stanley chose the Colonial Revival for its fashionable popularity in New England where he had already designed his own home and a social club in the style. The hotels clientele would presumably, like the Stanleys, have identified the style with New England respectability and sophistication in contrast to the rusticity of the surrounding town. At one time, Stanley planned to build another, more economical hotel in Estes Park as well as a headquarters and residence for the superintendent of the Rocky Mountain National Park in the same style, to harmonize with his grand hotel. While the forms and layouts of the buildings are suited to their modern uses, their ornamentation exhibits the stylistic hallmarks of Georgian or Federal architecture from the staunch symmetry of the south elevation to the cupola, dormers, Palladian windows, side- and fan-lights, scroll brackets and "swans neck" pediments that articulate the exterior.</p><br>
<h3>Main Building</h3><br>
<p>The floor plan of the main hotel building was laid out to accommodate the various activities popular with the American upper class at the turn of the twentieth century and the spaces are decorated accordingly. The music room, for instance, with its cream-colored walls (originally green and white), large windows and fine, classical plaster-work was designed for letter-writing during the day and chamber music at night - cultured pursuits perceived as feminine. On the other hand, the smoking lounge (today the Piñon Room) and adjoining billiard room, with their dark stained-wood elements and granite fireplace were designated for enjoyment by male guests. Stanley himself, having been raised in a protestant household in the tee-totaling State of Maine and having recovered from a serious lung disease, did not smoke cigars or drink alcohol, but these were essential after-dinner activities for most men at the time. Billiards, however, was among Stanley&#39;s most cherished pastimes.</p><br>
<p>The layout was also determined by air circulation. The window at the top of the grand stair provides a pleasant breeze across the lobby, French doors in the state rooms open onto shaded verandas and the two curving staircases connecting the guest corridors prevent stagnant air in the upper floors. Although the hotel was finally updated with central heating in 1983, guests still depend on Rocky Mountain breezes for cooling in the summer. Also completed in 1983, the hotel&#39;s service tunnel connects the basement level to the staff entrance. It is cut directly through the granite on which the hotel sits.</p><br>
<h3>Concert Hall</h3><br>
<p>The concert hall, east of the hotel, was built by Stanley in 1909 with the assistance of Henry "Lord Cornwallis" Rogers, the same architect who designed his summer cottage. According to popular legend, it was built as a gift for Flora Stanley who was an avid pianist despite her failing eyesight. The interior is decorated in the same manner as the smaller music room and somewhat resembles that of the Boston Symphony Hall (McKim, Mead & White, 1900) with which the Stanleys may have been familiar. The stage features a trap door, used for theatrical entrances and exits. The lower level once housed a bowling alley. This feature has long since disappeared but it possibly resembled the one at the Stanley&#39;s Hunnewell Club in Newton, pictures of which are archived in the Newton Free Library. The hall underwent extensive repair and renovation in the 2000s.</p><br>
<h3>The Lodge</h3><br>
<p>Once called Stanley Manor, this smaller hotel between the main structure and the concert hall is a 2:3 scaled-down version of the main hotel. Unlike its model, the manor was fully heated from completion in 1910 which may indicate that Stanley planned to use it as a winter resort when the main building was closed for the season. However, unlike many other Colorado mountain towns now famous for their winter sports, Estes Park never attracted off-season visitors in Stanley&#39;s day and the manor remained empty for much of the year. Today it is called The Lodge and serves as a bed-and-breakfast off-limits to the public.</p><br>
<h3>The Hedge Maze</h3><br>
<p>In 2015, the open area in front of the hotel, originally a driveway for Stanley Steamers and a promenade for guests to enjoy mountain views, was replaced with a hedge maze. This non-historic feature was added to evoke the hotels connection to The Shining. Although a hedge maze features prominently in Stanley Kubricks version of The Shining, no such feature can be found in Stephen King&#39;s novel. The lawn of the Overlook Hotel, as King imagined it, was adorned with topiary animals and it was set that way for the shooting of the miniseries in 1996. Historically, neither feature existed at the Stanley. The design was the result of a competition, chosen from amongst 300 entrants from across the globe. The winning submission was designed by New York architect Mairim Dallaryan Standing.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, John Cullen, owner of the Stanley Hotel, announced a competition for a sculpture to be the centerpiece of the terrace in front of the hotel. Sculptors Sutton Betti and Daniel Glanz won the competition with a sculpture of F.O. Stanley holding one of his violins. The sculpture was installed and dedicated on September 29, 2016. They used another hotel to film the outside shots and the Stanley for inside shots.</p><br>
<h2>The Shining</h2><br>
<p>On October 30, 1974, horror writer Stephen King and his wife Tabitha spent one night at the Stanley Hotel during their one year of residency in Boulder, Colorado. They were driving through Estes Park as night approached when they happened upon the Stanley Hotel. They decided to book a room and, upon checking in, discovered that they were the only overnight guests. "They were just getting ready to close for the season, and we found ourselves the only guests in the place — with all those long, empty corridors." He and his wife were served dinner in an empty dining room accompanied by canned orchestral music. "Except for our table all the chairs were up on the tables. So the music is echoing down the hall, and, I mean, it was like God had put me there to hear that and see those things." That night, according to King, "I dreamed of my three-year-old son running through the corridors, looking back over his shoulder, eyes wide, screaming. He was being chased by a fire-hose. I woke up with a tremendous jerk, sweating all over, within an inch of falling out of bed. I got up, lit a cigarette, sat in a chair looking out the window at the Rockies, and by the time the cigarette was done, I had the bones of The Shining firmly set in my mind."</p><br>
<p>The Shining was published in 1977 and became the third great success of Kings career after Carrie and Salems Lot. The Overlook Hotel - the fictional hotel in Kings book inspired by the Stanley - is an evil entity haunted by its many victims. Room 217 of the Overlook features prominently in the novel, having been the room where King spent the night at the Stanley. This is the room on the second floor in the center of the west wing with a balcony overlooking the south terrace. Room 217 remains the hotel&#39;s most requested accommodation.</p><br>
<h2>Film location and arts venue</h2><br>
<p>In 1980, The Shining became the basis for a film adaptation directed by Stanley Kubrick. Kubricks vision for the movie differed from Kings significantly in many ways, including the portrayal of the Overlook Hotel. The exteriors of Kubrick&#39;s Overlook were supplied by the Timberline Lodge on the slopes of Mt. Hood in Oregon. Inspiration for the interior sets (erected at Elstree Studios in England) came from the 1927 Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. The management of the Timberline Lodge, fearful that guests would refuse to stay in their Room 217 if it were featured in a horror movie, insisted that Kubrick change the haunted room in the film to Room 237.</p><br>
<p>In 1997 The Shining TV series was produced, with the Stanley Hotel as the primary shooting location. A playhouse version of the main building which adorned the lawn of the Overlook Hotel in the series can be viewed in the basement of the Stanley.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel has also been used as a filming location for other movies and TV shows; most notably, as the fictional "Hotel Danbury" of Aspen, CO, in the 1994 film Dumb and Dumber.</p><br>
<p>From 2013 to 2015, the hotel property hosted the Stanley Film Festival, an independent horror film festival operated by the Denver Film Society, held in early May. The festival featured screenings, panels, student competitions, audience awards and receptions. The Stanley Film Festival was put on hiatus in 2016, and canceled for 2017.</p><br>
<p>The historic Stanley Concert Hall serves as venue for various musical groups such as country-punk band Murder By Death which has performed a Shining-themed series of concerts in the space.</p><br>
<h2>Haunted reputation</h2><br>
<p>Despite a peaceful early history, in the years following the publication of The Shining, The Stanley Hotel has gained a reputation among paranormal investigators for frequent activity. The hotel offers guided "Ghost Tours" to guests and visitors which feature spaces reputed to be exceptionally active. The hotel has also served as a location for numerous paranormal investigation shows such as Ghost Hunters and Ghost Adventures.</p><br>
<h2>Famous Guests</h2><br>
<p>The Stanley Hotel has hosted the following persons of note:</p><br>
<p>1934 - Erich Fromm, the German psychoanalyst</p><br>
<p>1936 - Gov. Alf Landon (R, Kansas): opponent to Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s re-election</p><br>
<p>1974 - Stephen King, author who was inspired to write The Shining from his stay in room 217</p><br>
<p>1976 - Bob Dylan & Joan Baez, classic rock icons during the Rolling Thunder Revue tour</p><br>
<p>1994 - HM Emperor Akihito of Japan with consort and crown prince, on a state visit to the US</p><br>
<h2>Ownership History</h2><br>
<p>1908-26 - Freelan Oscar Stanley</p><br>
<p>1926-29 - The Stanley Corporation</p><br>
<p>1929-30 - Freelan Oscar Stanley</p><br>
<p>1930-? - Roe Emery</p><br>
<p>Maurice L. Albertson, Civil Engineer at CSU</p><br>
<p>Maxwell Abbell, Chicago real estate investor</p><br>
<p>1995-present - Grand Heritage Hotel Group</p><br>
<p>Hinchinbrook Island lies east of Cardwell and north of Lucinda, separated from the northern coast of Queensland, Australia by the narrow Hinchinbrook Channel. Hinchinbrook Island is part of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and wholly protected within the Hinchinbrook Island National Park, except for a small and abandoned resort. It is the largest island on the Great Barrier Reef. It is also the largest island national park in Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Natural heritage</h2><br>
<p>Hinchinbrook Island is made up of late Palaeozoic igneous rocks. The main 16 km pluton in the east of the island, the Hinchinbrook Granite, is composed of various hypersolvus granites and intrudes volcanics, granodiorites, and granites. The island and coastal ranges are thought to have been thrust up as blocks with subsidence between them to form the coastal plain with the summit level of the island being an older dissected surface that has been uplifted to approximately 1 km or more above sea level. The Hinchinbrook Channel that separates the island from the mainland is considered to be fault controlled.</p><br>
<p>Since the last Ice Age 18,000 years ago sea level has risen. Once there was a significant rugged coastal range, now there is Hinchinbrook Island. To the west is the mangrove-fringed Hinchinbrook Channel with 164 km of robust mangrove estuaries. The channel is the valley of the Herbert River flooded following the last glacial period. The island is only separated from the mainland at times of high sea-level such as the present and is thought to have had dry land connections to the mainland for most of the past few million years. Further west is the Cardwell Range Escarpment rainforest. East of Hinchinbrook Island lies the Coral Sea, Great Barrier Reef Lagoon and Great Barrier Reef.</p><br>
<p>To the north of Hinchinbrook Island, Rockingham Bay hosts densely vegetated continental islands e.g. Garden Island, Goold Island, Brook Islands Group, Family Island Group, Bedarra Island and Dunk Island east of Mission Beach. South of Hinchinbrook Island, the Cardwell Range gives way to the Herbert River floodplain and delta.</p><br>
<p>Missionary Bay is at the northern end of Hinchinbrook Island National Park. Natural features of this biodiverse area include 50 km of dense mangrove communities lining the shoreline. A shallow subhorizontal tidal zone has extensive offshore sea grass beds grazed by dugong. The beach stone-curlew thrives on the island, unlike on mainland beaches because vehicles are banned.</p><br>
<p>The eastern coastline of Hinchinbrook Island is punctuated with headland outcrops, incised drainage conduits, forest, secluded sandy pocket beaches and sand dunes. Mangroves are in proximity to freshwater streams. At Ramsay Bay on the northeast coast, a transgressive dune barrier or tombolo links Cape Sandwich, a granite outlier at the northeastern tip of the island, to the main part of the island. The barrier is widest in the north with a maximum width of about 1 km and narrows to the south to a width of about 100 to 200 m. The barrier, which consists mainly of aeolian sands, extends more than 30 m below the present sea level in places. It is thought to have been formed in two major episodes, the older dunes being partly drowned during an early Holocene marine transgression (9500-6000 C-14 years BP) with the later generation of dunes forming within the last 900 C-14 years BP.</p><br>
<p>Hinchinbrook Island is described as a "wilderness area," wild and rugged with soaring mountainous peaks. Hinchinbrook Island&#39;s highest mountain is Mount Bowen, 1,121 m above sea level. Terrestrial vegetation types include thick shrubs, heath, bushland and forest. The island habitat provides refuge for numerous endangered species, both flora and fauna such as the giant tree frog.</p><br>
<p>The local climate is tropical, warm to mildly cool and dry during the winter months. The summer monsoon wet is warm to hot and humid, coinciding with the tropical cyclone season. The island has no reefs in the waters surrounding it, most likely due to fresh water runoff from the island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hinchinbrook Island was inhabited by the Bandjin people, along a western coastal strip. Shell middens and fish traps are evidence of their activities. Fish were an important source of food for Aboriginal people living in the area. The Bandjin fish trap rock formations exploited the cyclic tidal regime, not only capturing fish, but also holding their catch alive for days. At times, many fish would be caught in the traps. These fish would not be killed nor eaten, instead they were left for the birds. To this day fish are still captured by these traps feeding the local birds.</p><br>
<p>In 1770, British Captain James Cook and his crew on HMS Endeavour of the Royal Navy sailed past at some distance east of Hinchinbrook Island. Hinchinbrook Island was named on the 19th May, 1819 by Lieutenant Phillip Parker King RN, (1791–1856). It is named after Hinchingbrooke House, in Huntingdon, England, as John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich was First Lord of the Admiralty, and the naming of Hinchinbrook Island, Brampton Island and Montague Island in the South Sandwich Islands are evidence of Cook&#39;s thanks to the 4th Earl. King was a naval officer, hydrographer and company manager who explored the northeastern coast of Australia on the HM Colonial Cutter Mermaid.</p><br>
<p>In the following decades Europeans settled on Hinchinbrook Island. Their main activities were fishing, farming and mining. In 1932 Hinchinbrook Island was declared a national park. After World War II, commercial crocodile hunting in the area reduced numbers nearly to the point of extinction by the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The 2008 feature movie Nim&#39;s Island was partly filmed on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The island had a single provider of accommodation called the Hinchinbrook Island Wilderness Lodge, It is located on the north-eastern corner of the island at Cape Richards.</p><br>
<h3>Destinations and regulations</h3><br>
<p>Hinchinbrook Island, Hinchinbrook Channel and the coastal plain south to the Herbert River Delta(Lucinda) is a unique biogeographical region.</p><br>
<p>Along the east coast of the island is the 32 km long Thorsborne Trail. The trail was named in honour of environmental activists Arthur and Margaret Thorsborne.</p><br>
<p>Marine nature based activities include; sightseeing cruises, sailing, outrigger canoeing, swimming, snorkelling and scuba diving. Sea kayaking is possible east of Hinchinbrook Island; west, the island is known saltwater crocodile habitat.</p><br>
<p>Hinchinbrook Island camping is by permit only. Visitor numbers to the island is restricted. The aim is to preserve the islands biodiversity and limit environmental degradation. Open fires are not permitted.</p><br>
<h3>Access</h3><br>
<p>The Bruce Highway connects Townsville, Lucinda, Cardwell, and Cairns. Locally the Bruce Highway within Cardwell town limits is known as Victoria Street. Regular scheduled coach services operate from the transit zone in Brasenose Street, Cardwell and Townsville Road in Ingham. Hinchinbrook resorts and Helloworld in Ingham run bus shuttles to Townsville and return to Lucinda for people hiking the Thorsborne trail. Queensland Rail has regular services operating, transiting from the Cardwell Rail Station in Roma Street.</p><br>
<h2>Shipwreck</h2><br>
<p>In 2011, the shipwreck of a 30 m longboat was discovered on the shores of Ramsay Bay by a fisherman. It is thought that the wreck is about 130 years old and was uncovered by Cyclone Yasi.</p><br>
<p>Mount Ida  is a mountain in northwestern Turkey, some 20 miles southeast of the ruins of Troy, along the north coast of the. The name Mount Ida is the ancient one. It is between Balıkesir Province and Çanakkale Province.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Ida is lightly populated upland massif of about 700 km² located to the north of Edremit. A number of small villages in the region are connected by paths. Drainage is mainly to the south, into the, also known as Edremit Bay, where the coast is rugged and is known as "the Olive Riviera.". However, the Karamenderes River (the ancient Scamander) flows from the other side of Mount Ida to the west. Its valley under Kaz Dağları has been called "the Vale of Troy" by English speakers.</p><br>
<p>Currently a modest 2.4 km² of Mount Ida are protected by Kaz Dağı National Park, created in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The summit is windswept and bare with a relatively low tree line due to exposure, but the slopes of this mountain, at the edge of mild Mediterranean and colder central Anatolian climate zones, hold a wealth of endemic flora, marooned here after the Ice Age. The climate at lower altitudes has become increasingly hot and dry in the deforested landscape. The dry period lasts from May to October. Rainfall averages between 631 and 733 mm per year. The mean annual temperature is 15.7 degrees Celsius, with diurnal temperatures as high as 43.7 degrees Celsius in Edremit.</p><br>
<p>The forests on the upper slopes consist mainly of Turkish fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani; considered by some botanists to be a distinct species Abies equi-trojani).</p><br>
<p>Deer, wild boar and jackal are common at the area. Wolves, lynx, brown bears and big cats once roamed there, but now disappeared from the mountains due to overhunting.</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<h3>Cultic significance</h3><br>
<h4>Cybele</h4><br>
<p>In ancient times, the mountain was dedicated to the worship of Cybele, who at Rome therefore was given the epithet Idaea Mater.</p><br>
<h4>Sibylline books</h4><br>
<p>The oldest collection of Sibylline utterances, the Sibylline Books, appears to have been made about the time of Cyrus at Gergis on Mount Ida; it was attributed to the Hellespontine Sibyl and was preserved in the temple of Apollo at Gergis. From Gergis the collection passed to Erythrae, where it became famous as the oracles of the Erythraean Sibyl. It seems to have been this very collection, or so it would appear, which found its way to Cumae (see the Cumaean Sibyl) and from Cumae to Rome.</p><br>
<h3>Mythology</h3><br>
<p>Mount Ida owes much of its fame to the work of the poet Homer, gaining renown from having been mentioned in his epic poem the Iliad. It is the setting for</p><br>
<p>numerous episodes in Ancient Greek myth.</p><br>
<h4>Idaea</h4><br>
<p>Idaea was a nymph, mate of the river god Scamander, and mother of King Teucer the Trojan king. The Scamander River flowed from Mount Ida across the plain beneath the city of Troy, and joined the Hellespont north of the city.</p><br>
<h4>Ganymede</h4><br>
<p>At an earlier time, on Mount Ida, Ganymede, the son of Tros or perhaps of Laomedon, both kings of Troy, was desired by Zeus, who descended in the form of an eagle and swept up Ganymede, to be cupbearer to the Olympian gods.</p><br>
<h4>Paris</h4><br>
<p>On the sacred mountain, the nymphs who were the daughter-spirits of the river Cebrenus, had their haunt, and one, Oenone, who had the chthonic gifts of prophetic vision and the curative powers of herb magic, wed Paris, living as a shepherd on Mount Ida. Unbeknownst to all, even to himself, Paris was the son of Priam, king of Troy. He was there on Mount Ida, experiencing the rustic education in exile of many heroes of Greek mythology, for his disastrous future effect on Troy was foretold at his birth, and Priam had him exposed on the sacred slopes. When the good shepherd who was entrusted with the baby returned to bury the exposed child, he discovered that he had been suckled by a she-bear (a totem animal of the archaic goddess Artemis) and took the child home to be foster-nursed by his wife.</p><br>
<p>When Eris ("discord") cast the Apple of Discord, inscribed "for the fairest", into the wedding festivities of Peleus with Thetis, three great goddesses repaired to Mount Ida to be appraised. By a sacred spring on the mountainside, in "the Judgment of Paris", the grown youth Paris awarded it to Aphrodite, who offered Helen for a bribe, earning the perpetual enmity of the discredited goddesses Hera and Athena to the Trojan cause (Bibliotheca 3.12.5).</p><br>
<h4>Anchises</h4><br>
<p>Anchises, father of Aeneas, also of the Trojan royal house, was tending sheep on Mount Ida when he was seduced by Aphrodite. Their union led to the birth of Aeneas, the mythological progenitor of Rome&#39;s Julio-Claudian dynasty and a founder of Rome in a tradition alternative to that of Romulus and Remus.</p><br>
<h4>Trojan War</h4><br>
<p>The mountain is the scene of several mythic events in the works of Homer. At its summit, the Olympian gods gathered to watch the progress of the epic fight. But the mountain was the sacred place of the Goddess, and Hera&#39;s powers were so magnified on Mount Ida, that she was able to distract Zeus with her seductions, just long enough to permit Poseidon to intercede on behalf of the Argives to drive Hektor and the Trojans back from the ships.</p><br>
<p>During the Trojan War, in an episode recorded in Epitome of the fourth book of the Bibliotheca, Achilles with some of the Achaean chiefs laid waste the countryside, and made his way to Ida to rustle the cattle of Aeneas. But Aeneas fled, and Achilles killed the cowherds and Mestor, son of Priam, and drove away the sacred kine (Epitome 3.32). Achilles briefly refers to this incident as he prepares to duel with Aeneas during the siege of Troy. (Iliad XX)</p><br>
<p>After the Trojan War, the only surviving son of Priam, Helenus, retired to Mount Ida, where he was surprised and became the captive of Neoptolemus. In the Aeneid a shooting star falls onto the mountain in answer to the prayer of Anchises to Jupiter.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Bronze age</h3><br>
<p>In the Bronze Age, the region around the mountain complex had a somewhat checquered ethnography. There is evidence for the following peoples with a reasonable degree of probability:</p><br>
<p>The Tjeker in Ayvacık, Çanakkale Province, which the Greeks called the Teucri. They were probably from Crete and are most likely to have been the source of the name, Mount Ida, which they took from Mount Ida, Crete.</p><br>
<h3>Iron age</h3><br>
<p>In historical times, Xerxes&#39; march took him past Mount Ida (Herodotus VII:42).</p><br>
<p>Chinook Pass  is a pass through the Cascade Range in the state of Washington.</p><br>
<p>The pass provides the east entrance to Mount Rainier National Park, and carries State Route 410 between the towns of Enumclaw and Naches. Because of the high elevation, Chinook Pass is usually closed in November due to very heavy snow and significant avalanche danger. It usually opens in mid May and is not uncommon to have a snow depth at the summit of up to 15 feet.</p><br>
<p>As part of the All-American Road program, Route 410 through Chinook Pass has been designated by the USA government as the Chinook Scenic Byway. It is considered to be one of the most beautiful routes in the United States. Because the summit is above the treeline, there are many places to park along the road to view the scenery. As commercial vehicles are not allowed through the National Park section of State Route 410, this route is also favored by summer tourists.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Chinook Pass was chosen as a route across the Cascade Mountains as a compromise. The height of the route would mean that it would likely never be a year-round road. The alternative was Naches Pass, which with the addition of a short tunnel would be much lower (and easier to keep open in winter). The Naches Pass plan is still on the books as SR 168, but it has never been built.</p><br>
<p>The cost of the tunnel was the deciding factor, and the Chinook Pass route was chosen.</p><br>
<p>The Yakima side of a road over Chinook Pass was partially completed in 1914, but then work was abandoned for several years. This section was referred to as the Normile Grade. In 1921 work began again on the Yakima side, below Normile, on the American River. This work was done using horse teams. In 1924, an army tractor was brought in to speed up the work. Work on the west side of the road commenced later, and took longer. The two sides did not meet until 1931 at Tipsoo Lake near the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>From 1940–59, Chinook Pass was one of the top ski areas in the state, with a season that ran from December to June. There were numerous non-permanent rope tows that extended from Cayuse Pass to the Tipsoo Lake area. The requirement that they were temporary tows was made by the Mt Rainier Nat’l Park so the lifts could be removed when the snow melted in the summer months. With the state government plans to no longer keep Chinook Pass open during the winter months and the opening of White Pass Ski Area, lift skiing ended. It is still a very popular area for backcountry telemark skiing and snowboarding from May to July.</p><br>
<p>Tipsoo Lake is located just a few hundred meters from the summit, with a picnic area and a trail going around the lake, is one of the most photographed landscapes in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Chinook Pass is also a trailhead to the Pacific Crest Trail, providing access to Dewey Lake and Cougar Lake (in the William O. Douglas Wilderness), Crystal Mountain Ski Resort, and the Norse Peak Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>The Naches Peak Loop is a trail route that goes around Naches Peak, containing a segment of the Pacific Crest Trail.</p><br>
<p>Mount Helicon  is a mountain in the region of Thespiai in Boeotia, Greece, celebrated in Greek mythology. With an altitude of 1,749 m, it is located approximately 10 km from the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth. Some researchers maintain that Helicon was also the Greek name of mount Rocca Salvatesta in Sicily as a river started from it was called also Helikon.</p><br>
<h2>Greek mythology</h2><br>
<p>In Greek mythology, two springs sacred to the Muses were located here: the Aganippe and the Hippocrene, both of which bear "horse" (ἵππος híppos) in their names. In a related myth, the Hippocrene spring was created when the winged horse Pegasus aimed his hoof at a rock, striking it with such force that the spring burst from the spot. On Mount Helicon too was the spring where Narcissus was inspired by his own beauty.</p><br>
<p>Mount Helicon and the Hippocrene spring were considered to be a source of poetic inspiration. In the late seventh century BCE, the poet Hesiod placed a reference to the Muses on the Helicon at the very beginning of his Theogony:</p><br>
<p>Later in the text, he describes a meeting between himself and the Muses on Mount Helicon, where he had been pasturing sheep when the goddesses presented him with a laurel staff, a symbol of poetic authority. The Helicon thus was an emblem of poetical inspiration. (It is not clear, if the other names mentioned – Permessus and Olmeius – ar different springs or other names for Hippocrene.) In the Homeric Hymn to Poseidon – generally dated to the seventh century, but a bit later than Hesiod&#39;s works – a brief invocation, the god is hailed as "Lord of Helicon".</p><br>
<p>In his Aitia, the third-century BC poet Callimachus recounts his dream in which he was young once more and conversed with the Muses on Helicon. and thus follows explicitly in the footsteps of Hesiod. He also placed on Helicon the episode in which Tiresias stumbles upon Athena bathing and is blinded but at the same time given the art of prophecy, by which means poetry and prophecy are implicitly connected to each other. Perhaps reflecting this account, the Roman poet Ovid, in his Metamorphoses, writes of Minerva visiting the muses on Mount Helicon.</p><br>
<p>The cult centers on Helicon established in the Valley of the Muses, a fertile valley near Thespiai and Ascra, under the influence of the Hesiodic texts, in Hellenistic times if not before, were visited by Pausanias in the second century CE. He explored the sacred grove by the spring Aganippe thoroughly and left a full description as it then was. He saw images of Eupheme, nurse of the Muses, and of the legendary poet Linus "in a small rock which has been worked into the manner of a cave" (cf. the religious use of grottoes). In the temenos were statues, some by famous masters, of Apollo and Dionysus and famed poets. The absence of Homer at Helicon has been noticed by Richard Hunter: "The presence of Homer would spoil the party, for the tendency to see these as rival figures for supremacy in epos is familiar from the Contest of Homer and Hesiod, parts of which derive from the classical period". But even if the presence of Homer at the festival Hesiod mentions in Works and Days (650–59) was a later interpolation, the sacrificial tripod which Hesiod won at a contest in Chalcis in Euboea was still on view at Helicon in Pausanias&#39; day.</p><br>
<h2>Since the Renaissance</h2><br>
<p>The poetical image of Helicon established by the Roman poets became once more an emblem of cultural inspiration with the Renaissance and is often referred to in poetry. Helicon was the inspiration for the balls held by the Hungarian composer Leó Festetics at his castle near Keszthely. Festetics also named the library he founded Helikon Library, promoting literacy and culture in his home city.</p><br>
<h2>Modern references</h2><br>
<p>The Four Seasons released the album Helicon in 1977, with a song "Helicon" containing the lyric "Take me to Helicon, I want to write my song"</p><br>
<p>During the 1980s an Australian Broadcasting Corporation radio arts programme was called Radio Helicon.</p><br>
<p>The Scottish band Mogwai recorded two tracks as part of their Government Commissions: BBC Sessions 1996–2003 album entitled New Paths to Helicon, Pt. 1 and New Paths to Helicon, Pt. 2.</p><br>
<p>Irish author Seamus Heaney wrote a poem entitled “Personal Helicon”, which references the story of Narcissus and the mountain’s spring.</p><br>
<p>The Preston School of Industry, also known as Preston Castle, was formerly one of the oldest and best-known reform schools in the United States. It is located in Ione, California, in Amador County.</p><br>
<p>The institution was opened in June 1894 when seven wards (minors under the guardianship of the state, but not necessarily juvenile offenders), were transferred there from San Quentin State Prison. The original building, known colloquially as "Preston Castle" (or simply "The Castle"), is the most significant example of Romanesque Revival architecture in the Mother Lode. It was vacated in 1960, shortly after new buildings had been constructed to replace it. The abandoned building has since been named a California Historical Landmark (#867) and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NPS-75000422). In 1999, the institution&#39;s official name was changed to the "Preston Youth Correctional Facility".</p><br>
<p>The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation announced on October 21, 2010, that the Preston Youth Correctional Facility was to close, and a closing ceremony was held on June 2, 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Former wards</h2><br>
<p>Former Preston wards include:</p><br>
<p>Eddie Anderson</p><br>
<p>Rory Calhoun</p><br>
<p>Don Jordan</p><br>
<p>Eddie Machen</p><br>
<p>Merle Haggard</p><br>
<p>Pancho Gonzales</p><br>
<p>Neal Cassady</p><br>
<p>Tony Cornero</p><br>
<p>Caryl Chessman</p><br>
<p>Joseph Paul Cretzer</p><br>
<p>Eddie Bunker</p><br>
<p>Burt Lake is a 17,120 acre  lake in Cheboygan County in the USA state of Michigan. The western shore of the lake is on the boundary with Emmet County. The lake is named after William Austin Burt, who, together with John Mullett, made a federal survey of the area from 1840 to 1843.</p><br>
<p>The lake is approximately 10 miles (16 km) long from north to south, about 5 miles (8 km) at its widest, and 73 feet (22 m) at its deepest. Major inflows to the lake are the Maple River, which connects with nearby Douglas Lake, the Crooked River, which connects with nearby Crooked Lake, and the Sturgeon River which enters the lake near the point where the Indian River flows out of the lake into nearby Mullett Lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake is part of the Inland Waterway, by which one can boat from Crooked Lake several miles (km) east of Petoskey on the Little Traverse Bay of Lake Michigan across the northern tip of the lower peninsula&#39;s so-called mitten to Cheboygan on Lake Huron. Along with nearby Mullett Lake and Black Lake, it is noted for its population of Lake Sturgeon, which briefly held the record of largest sturgeon caught in the USA.</p><br>
<p>YMCA Camp Al-Gon-Quian and Burt Lake State Park are both located on the southern shore of the lake. The unincorporated community of Burt Lake is on the southwest shore on M-68. Interstate 75 passes to the east of the lake, with two interchanges near the south end of the lake at the unincorporated community of Indian River.</p><br>
<p>Mullett Lake is a lake in Cheboygan County in the USA state of Michigan. The lake is named after John Mullett, who, together with William A. Burt, made a federal survey of the area from 1840 to 1843. A neighboring lake was named after Burt. Historically, Mullett Lake has been recorded as Mullet Lake, Mullets Lake, and Mulletts Lake on maps and documents.</p><br>
<h2>Description of lake</h2><br>
<p>Major inflows to the lake are the Indian River, which connects with nearby Burt Lake, Pigeon River, Little Pigeon River, and Mullett Creek. The Cheboygan River flows out of the northeast end of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake is part of the Inland Waterway, by which one can boat 38 mi from Crooked Lake and Round Lake near the Little Traverse Bay on Lake Michigan across the northern tip of the Lower Peninsula to Cheboygan on Lake Huron.</p><br>
<p>The Inland Waterway was a Native American trade route that was later opened to small steamer and modern recreational traffic.</p><br>
<p>Interstate 75 passes to the west of the lake, with two interchanges near the south end of the lake at the unincorporated community of Indian River. M-27 passes along the northern shore of the lake through the unincorporated communities of Mullett Lake and Topinabee, while M-33 running north–south passes along a portion of the eastern shore through the community of Aloha.</p><br>
<p>Mullett Lake is an excellent fishery, containing large populations of game species, including brown trout, brook trout, rainbow trout, lake trout, splake, smelt, northern Pike, muskellunge, yellow perch, walleye, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass,sunfish and most notably lake sturgeon (the state record specimen was taken from these waters)</p><br>
<p>In the census-designated place of Mullett Lake, which is located on the north end of Mullett Lake, there is a historic former Michigan Central passenger train station. The station sits directly at the end of Polish Line Road and has about 200 ft of lake front property. It was bought in 1950 by an old railroad employee once it shut down and was turned into a family cottage. The "Old Depot", which is the nickname for the cottage, was the main connection between Detroit and Mackinaw City. The former railbed now serves as the North Central State Trail.</p><br>
<p>Slieve Croob is the tallest of a group of peaks in the middle of County Down, Northern Ireland. These peaks lie north of the Mourne Mountains, between the village of Dromara and the town of Castlewellan. Slieve Croob has been designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It is the source of the River Lagan, which starts as a spring and runs from here, through Dromara, Dromore, County Down, Lisburn and Belfast, where it enters Belfast Lough.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>Folklore tells that 12 kings are buried at the hilltop and each year it is traditional to climb Slieve Croob on the first Sunday in August (known as Cairn Sunday or Blaeburry Sunday) and carry with you a stone to help bury the kings. In recent times there is traditional Irish music played at the top of the Mountain on this date.</p><br>
<h2>Places of interest</h2><br>
<p>Legannany Dolmen is situated nine miles southeast of Banbridge and three miles north of Castlewellan, on the slopes of Slieve Croob near the village of Leitrim,</p><br>
<h2>Communications</h2><br>
<p>A number of communications relay stations are located on the summit of Slieve Croob. They include communications towers for British Telecom, Vodafone, police & emergency services, and the government.</p><br>
<p>Spetses  is an affluent island and a municipality in the Islands regional unit, Attica, Greece. It is sometimes included as one of the Saronic Islands. Until 1948, it was part of the old prefecture of Argolidocorinthia, which is now split into Argolis and Corinthia. In ancient times, it was known as Pityoussa, and later as Petses.</p><br>
<p>The island is now an independent municipality (pop. 4,027), with no internal boundaries within the municipality. The town of Spetses (pop. 4,001 in 2011) is the only large settlement on the island. The other settlements on the island are Moní Agíon Pánton (pop. 0), Ligonéri (4), Ágioi Anárgyroi (18), Kouzoúnos (4). Also part of the Municipality of Spetses are the islands of Spetsopoula, Falkonera, and Velopoula (all uninhabited). The municipality has an area of 27.121 km.</p><br>
<p>An unusual aspect of Spetses is the absence of private automobiles in the town limits. The most common modes of transport are walking, horse-drawn carriages, bicycles, mopeds, and motorcycles. Only taxis and delivery vehicles are allowed in the downtown area. Ferries and high-speed hydrofoils arrive regularly from Piraeus. Trails encircle the island and total about 25 to 30 km. Beaches closest to the town of Spetses include: Agios Mamas in the center of town; and Kaíki (previously College) beach 1 km to the northwest and Agia Marina 2 km to the south, both of which offer water-sports. Public buses serve beaches further outside town, including Zogeria, Agioi Anargiroi, and Agia Paraskevi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island of Spetses, located in the Mediterranean Sea, was first occupied during the Mesolithic Age, in around 8000 BC. During that period the island was connected through an isthmus to the island of Argolida, now named Costa. Pieces of flint from that time were found near the part of the island named Zogeria, containing a water source probably available since that time. Other archaeological finds were located in the area of Saint Marina, which contained the first Hellenistic settlement to be found on the island and dates to the 3rd millennium BC. At least three natural harbours of Spetses (Saint Marina, Saint Paraskevi and Zogeria) served as a refuge for ships carrying goods to and from the Argolis Gulf during the peak of the State of Lerna (about 2300 BC).</p><br>
<p>After the collapse of the State of Lerna, Spetses experienced a period of decline. Artefacts in the areas of Saint Marina and Saint Anargyroi show the existing settlements belonging the late Mycenaean period; the 12th to 13th century BC. At the time of the Peloponnesian War, stone observatories were built at the sites of Prophet Elias and Zogeria.</p><br>
<p>Mention of the island of Spetses was made both by Strabo in the 1st century BC and Pausanias in the 2nd century AD, referring to the island as Pitiousa. The raid by the Goths in the Eastern Roman empire caused a wave of refugees to flee to Spetses, resulting in the re-settlement of the island, focusing on the Old Port, making it one of the three largest cities of Argolis (including Argos and Hermione).</p><br>
<p>In the 15th Century, the Venetians named the island Spezia ("Spice") for its position on a major traderoute; over time the name was Hellenised to Spetsai (Spetse/Spetses).</p><br>
<p>During the 18th century, during the conquest of the Peloponnese from the Turks and the Venetian expulsion, many Arvanites took refuge in Spetses in order to escape Turkish persecution. These refugees created the old village of Spetses, in the area of Kastelli, which is fortified by a wall that reinforces the natural protection provided by the terrain. Over the years the island developed a significant naval power. The Greek Coalition in cooperation with the Russians in the Russian-Turkish war in 1768–1774 turned the powerful merchant fleet of Spetses to a significant power against the Turks during the so-called Orlofika. In response to these events the Turks destroyed the only village on the island in 1770. For some years after the destruction of the island it remained deserted, but was re-occupied in 1774 by new settlers from the opposite coast of Peloponnese after the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca that allowed the Russian free movement of ships in the Mediterranean and the recreation of the powerful commercial fleet by using the Russian flag to establish trade routes with neighbouring countries. Merchant seafaring was the only source of livelihood for many rocky, non-arable Greek islands, and the brisk Mediterranean and Black Sea trade of the 18th and 19th centuries allowed them to prosper – especially and spectacularly so during the trade embargoes of the Napoleonic Wars, which found Greek merchantmen and crews willing and able work with, or against, both belligerent sides at tremendous profit.</p><br>
<p>After the re-occupation of Spetses the settlement began to expand beyond the Kastelli region and brought about further growth in the maritime economic activities of the island.</p><br>
<p>From 1821, the island played an important role in the Greek War of Independence and was the home of celebrated war heroine Bouboulina. Spetses was the first of the Greek islands that raised the flag of Revolution the morning of 3 April (O.S.) 1821. Its fleet, consisting of merchant ships, played a key role in the struggle, both by participating in raids against the Turkish coast and the exclusion of fortresses in the Peloponnese. Particularly important is the involvement of the Spetsiote fleet in sieges of the fortresses of Nafplion and Monemvasia and naval battles of Samos (1824) and Kafireas (1825). Along with their counterparts in nearby Hydra Island, Spetsiote captains were so wealthy they had been hoarding their gold in wells, a wealth that they tapped to fund the war of liberation.</p><br>
<p>Several ships have been named after the island, including modern Hydra class frigate F 453 Spetsai, the World War 2 era destroyer Greek destroyer Spetsai (D 98) and the historic Greek battleship Spetsai.</p><br>
<h3>Tourism</h3><br>
<h4>1900s: The Poseidonion Grand Hotel</h4><br>
<p>The Poseidonion Hotel was built by Sotirios Anargyros, descendant of a great 18th century Spetsiot shipping family. His branch of the family had fallen on hard times and he emigrated as a young man in 1868, when Spetses was declining as a maritime center. In 1899 he returned from the USA, now a wealthy tobacco tycoon and started to transform the island of his youth. He built an impressive mansion and met with the rich Athenian hunters who visited Spetses from August to October, to hunt the turtledoves and quail migrating between Africa and Europe. Anagyros had pine seedlings planted in the hills, and now the island is one of the most wooded in the southern Aegean.</p><br>
<p>He saw the need for a comfortable hotel and built the Poseidonion in the style of its models, the Carlton in Cannes (1911) and the Negresco in Nice (1912). The hunters could now bring their wives and children to enjoy the comfort, the spa, the donkey rides, dancing to the orchestra in the evening and mixed bathing on the beaches across the channel. The Poseidonion rapidly became the favorite vacation spot for high society, royalty and the rich Athenians who came to enjoy a small slice of the grand life.</p><br>
<h4>1960s-1990s: The rise and fall of the package holiday</h4><br>
<p>In the 1960s and 1970s, the island attracted a number wealthy Greek vacationers from Athens and elsewhere, owning villas or living on large yachts in the port. Some had children who became students of the Anargirios School. Although some hotels were present, tourists often stayed in purpose-built holiday homes. From the 1980s, these were often supplanted by north European tourists, especially from Britain, who were attracted by the low cost of a holiday.</p><br>
<p>Package tours to Spetses declined and eventually ceased during the 1990s; nowadays the island&#39;s holiday clientele remains more upmarket and largely Greek.</p><br>
<h4>Present</h4><br>
<p>"Spetses is where superyachts bob up and down next to traditional wooden fishing boats and where the super-rich rub shoulders with the locals in quayside tavernas. All are drawn to this pine-covered island for its secluded coves and clear waters and the glories of Spetses Town, the island hub, untainted by package tourism."</p><br>
<p>The main Athenian tourist season lasts for only two months of the year, although most hotels and restaurants are open from Easter until October. Efforts are being made to extend the season with the addition of major events:</p><br>
<p>The Spetses Classic Yacht Regatta</p><br>
<p>The Spetses Mini Marathon</p><br>
<p>In the early 21st century, there was a distinct shift away from package tourism on Spetses and the island once again became fashionable amongst the wealthier Greeks. Nowadays, the majority of visitors are Greek or independent travellers from around the world. Whilst it is still possible to find traditional lower cost rooms to rent and tavernas to eat in on the island there are now many higher priced restaurants and so called ‘boutique’ hotels around the town.</p><br>
<p>Since package tours were actively discouraged by the island in the early 1990s, the island&#39;s holiday clientele remains more upmarket and largely Greek. The fact that most tourists to Spetses are wealthy Greeks has led to inflated prices in all of the shops on the island, meaning that Spetsens have to pay premium prices for even the most basic foodstuffs.</p><br>
<h3>The Armáta Festival</h3><br>
<p>On 8 September (O.S.) 1822 the Turkish fleet, coming from Monemvasia, endeavoured to supply the town of Nafplion, which was at the time besieged by Greek forces since the spring of 1821. Sailing between Trikeri and Spetsopoula, the Turkish force confronted the combined fleets of the three nautical islands, Spetses, Hydra and Psara. The admiral of the Greek fleet, Andreas Miaoulis, gave orders to withdraw to the Gulf of Argolis, in order to outmanoeuvre the more numerous and powerful Turkish fleet.</p><br>
<p>According to general descriptions, the battle consisted in distant and ineffectual cannonade between the two fleets. An Algerian brig was damaged by fire, having boarded by mistake a Greek fireship.</p><br>
<p>According to Spetsiot local historian Anastasios Orlandos, however, the retreat of the Ottoman fleet was the result of an attack by the fireship of Kosmas Barbatsis (1792–1887) against the Ottoman flagship. The latter fled to avoid it, followed by the other Ottoman ships. The besieged castles of Nafplion could not be relieved, and fell to the Greeks two and a half months later.</p><br>
<p>Each year, the second weekend of September is dedicated to celebratory events aimed at commemorating the events of the battle of Sept. 8, 1822, in combination with the feast of the chapel of Panagiá Armáta (the Madonna-in-arms), near the lighthouse. The events culminate with a fictionalized re-enactment of the battle, including the torching of the Turkish flagship in the harbour, an incident not mentioned in historical depictions of the battle.</p><br>
<p>Spetses is one of nine European cities that participates in the European Network of Historical Reconstructions (Brussels, Belgium; Dublin and Cork, Ireland; Bailen, Spain; Slavkov, Czech Republic; Tewkesbury, UK; and Hydra and Spetses in Greece).</p><br>
<h2>In wider culture</h2><br>
<p>Spetses was the basis for the island of Phraxos in John Fowles&#39; 1965 novel The Magus. Many locations described there actually existed, including the "Lord Byron School" (the private Anargyrios & Korgialenios School of Spetses) and the "Villa Bourani" (located on the south side of the island above a popular public beach). Both the school and villa still exist, although the house is under private ownership.</p><br>
<h2>Demographic evolution</h2><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Hatzigiannis Mexis</p><br>
<p>Dimitrios Drivas</p><br>
<p>John Fowles</p><br>
<p>Diomidis Kyriakos</p><br>
<p>Ioannis Malokinis</p><br>
<p>Ioannis Orlandos</p><br>
<p>Georgios Panou</p><br>
<p>Iannis Xenakis</p><br>
<p>The Gulf of Mannar is a large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean. It lies between the southeastern tip of India and the west coast of Sri Lanka, in the Coromandel Coast region.</p><br>
<p>A species known as dugong (sea cow) is found here.</p><br>
<p>The chain of low islands and reefs known as Ramsethu, also called Adam&#39;s Bridge, which includes Mannar Island, separates the Gulf of Mannar from Palk Bay, which lies to the north between India and Sri Lanka. The estuaries of Thamirabarani River of South India and the Malvathu Oya (Malvathu River) of Sri Lanka drain into the Gulf.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<h3>Marine sanctuary</h3><br>
<p>Located on the southeastern tip of the subcontinent, the Gulf of Mannar is known to harbour over 3,600 species of flora and fauna, making it one of the richest coastal regions in Asia. 117 hard coral species have been recorded in the Gulf of Mannar. Sea turtles are frequent visitors to the gulf as are sharks, dugongs, and dolphins. However, the combined effects of 47 villages, with a total population of around 50,000 has meant that overharvesting of marine species has become a problem. The decline of fish populations has been accompanied with reducing numbers of pearl oyster, gorgonian coral, and acorn worm. Local fishermen rely on the reef to feed their families, but destructive fishing methods combined with the stress of pollution and coral mining have meant both nearshore and offshore catches have decreased. Endangered species include dolphins, dugongs, whales and sea cucumbers.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, a group of 21 islets lying off the Tamil Nadu coast between Thoothukudi and Dhanushkodi was declared the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park. The park and its 10 km buffer zone were declared a Biosphere Reserve in 1989.</p><br>
<h3>Biosphere reserve</h3><br>
<p>The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 10,500 km² of ocean,21 islands and the adjoining coastline. The islets and coastal buffer zone include beaches, estuaries, and tropical dry broadleaf forests, while the marine environments include seaweed communities, sea grass communities, coral reefs, salt marshes and mangrove forests.</p><br>
<h2>Marine activities</h2><br>
<p>The Gulf of Mannar is known for its pearl banks of Pinctada radiata and Pinctada fucata for at least two thousand years. Pliny the Elder (23–79) praised the pearl fishery of the gulf as one of the most productive in the world. Although extraction of natural pearls is considered too expensive in most parts of the world, it is still carried out in the gulf.</p><br>
<p>The chief seaports on the Gulf of Mannar are Thoothukudi (Tuticorin) in Tamil Nadu, and Colombo in Sri Lanka. While these ports can accommodate deep-draft vessels, the shallow Palk Strait can only accommodate small shallow-draft vessels. In July 2005, the Indian Government took preliminary steps to go ahead with the Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project, which would create a deep channel linking the Gulf of Mannar to the Bay of Bengal. Project boosters emphasize the benefits of a direct shipping route that connects India&#39;s east and west coasts without the long trip around Sri Lanka; environmentalists have warned against the grave damage such a project could cause to the sea life and fisheries of the Palk Strait and the Gulf.</p><br>
<p>Takht-e Soleymān , also known as Azar Goshnasp (last=Huff literally "the Fire of the Warrior Kings", is an archaeological site in West Azarbaijan, Iran. It lies midway between Urmia and Hamadan, very near the present-day town of Takab, and 400 km west of Tehran.</p><br>
<p>The originally fortified site, which is located on a volcano crater rim, was recognized as a World Heritage Site in July 2003. The citadel includes the remains of a Zoroastrian fire temple built during the Sassanid period and partially rebuilt during the Ilkhanid period. This site got this Semitic name after the Arab conquest. This temple housed one of the three "Great Fires" or "Royal Fires" that Sassanid rulers humbled themselves before in order to ascend the throne. The fire at Takht-i Soleiman was called ādur Wishnāsp and was dedicated to the arteshtar or warrior class of the Sasanid.</p><br>
<p>Folk legend relates that King Solomon used to imprison monsters inside the 100 m deep crater of the nearby Zendan-e Soleyman "Prison of Solomon". Another crater inside the fortification itself is filled with spring water; Solomon is said to have created a flowing pond that still exists today. Nevertheless, Solomon belongs to Semitic legends and therefore, the lore and namesake (Solomon&#39;s Throne) should have been formed following Arab conquest of Persia. A 4th century Armenian manuscript relating to Jesus and Zarathustra, and various historians of the Islamic period, mention this pond. The foundations of the fire temple around the pond is attributed to that legend. Takht-E Soleyman appears on the 4th century Peutinger Map.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological excavations have revealed traces of a 5th-century BC occupation during the Achaemenid period, as well as later Parthian settlements in the citadel. Coins belonging to the reign of Sassanid kings, and that of the Byzantine emperor Theodosius II (AD 408-450), have also been discovered there.</p><br>
<p>The Meades Ranch Triangulation Station is a survey marker in Osborne County in the state of Kansas in the Midwestern United States. The marker was initially placed in 1891; from 1901 to 1989, it was the reference location relative to which all locations in the United States were measured, and from 1913 to 1989, it was the reference location for all surveys in the continent.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places as Geodetic Center of the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In surveying, a geodetic datum is a point or set of points used to establish a coordinate system. By designating the location of one point, and the direction from that point to a second point, one can establish a system relative to which other points can be located and mapped. As one surveys a larger area over which the curvature of the Earth becomes significant, it also becomes necessary to define an ellipsoid: a curved surface that approximates the shape of the Earth in the area of interest.</p><br>
<p>The first nationwide datum in the United States was established in 1879. At that time, a region of contiguous triangulation existed from Maine to Georgia. The New England Datum was chosen with a benchmark in Maryland, near the middle of this region, as the horizontal datum, and a second Maryland mark used to define the azimuth (horizontal) direction. To account for the Earth&#39;s curvature, the datum used a model called the Clarke spheroid, developed in 1866.</p><br>
<h3>Meades Ranch station</h3><br>
<p>The USA Coast and Geodetic Survey established a triangulation station, officially known as the Meades Ranch Triangulation Station, in 1891. The location lay near the intersection of two transcontinental arcs of triangulation: one running from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, roughly following the 39th parallel; the other running from Mexico to Canada, along the 98th meridian.</p><br>
<p>In 1901, the Meades Ranch station was chosen as the United States standard horizontal datum: the point relative to which all land measurements in the nation were made. The choice was based on the stations location near the geographic center of the USA and near the intersection of the two arcs of triangulation, and because it minimized the number of changes in previously published positions. Its position was officially set as 39°1326.686" N and 98°3230.506" W; the azimuth direction to a triangulation station near Waldo, southwest of Meades Ranch, was officially set as 75°2814.52" west of south.</p><br>
<p>In 1913, the chief astronomer of the Dominion of Canada Astronomical Observatory and the director of the Comisión Geodésica Mexicana announced that their organizations would use the Meades Ranch location as their standard datum. In light of this, its name was changed to the "North American Datum".</p><br>
<p>As more new surveys and previously isolated survey networks were incorporated into the system, it became increasingly difficult to make the necessary corrections. By the mid-1920s, it was realized that the coordinate system needed to be adjusted. From 1927 to 1932, the approximately 25,000 existing control locations were recalculated and a new coordinate system developed, known as NAD27. The new system continued to use the 1901 coordinates of Meades Ranch as its horizontal datum, and the Clarke spheroid as its model for the Earth&#39;s surface. However, it now defined horizontal directions in terms of 175 Laplace azimuths, which use astronomical azimuths corrected for the difference between the astronomic and geodetic meridians. Under NAD27, the azimuth to the Waldo station changed by about 5".</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the Meades Ranch site was added to the National Register of Historic Places, under the name "Geodetic Center of the United States".</p><br>
<h3>NAD83</h3><br>
<p>Following the establishment of NAD27, it was noted that it produced a discrepancy of about 10 m in latitudes in the northern part of the northern USA state of Michigan, necessitating a regional adjustment for the states of Michigan and Wisconsin. As the survey network was extended further north into Canada, similar discrepancies appeared. The problem proved to be systemic: It had been assumed that the differences between the Clarke spheroid and the actual geoid were negligible, whereas these differences actually introduced significant errors. The relatively small number and large separation of the points used to develop NAD27, the limited computational power available to its designers, and the movement of tectonic plates also led to inconsistencies in NAD27 coordinates.</p><br>
<p>To address these, a new datum was developed, designated NAD83. It replaced the Clarke spheroid with a new ellipsoid, the Geographic Reference System 1980, centered at the Earths center of mass as determined by the Bureau International de lHeure. The new datum was based on adjustment of 250,000 points, including 600 satellite Doppler stations. NAD83 was officially adopted by the USA government in 1989, and by the Canadian government in 1990. Under the new system, Meades Ranch lost its special standing, and became one of thousands of stations.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>As of 2012, the location of the Meades Ranch station was 39&deg;13&prime;26.71220&Prime;N latitude, 98&deg;32&prime;31.74540&Prime;W longitude. It lies about 12 mi north of Lucas and about 10 mi southwest of Tipton.</p><br>
<p>The station is on a low grassy ridge in a pasture. It is marked by a bronze disc, inscribed "Meades Ranch 1891", embedded in the top of a dome-shaped concrete marker 21 in in diameter, rising about 4 in above ground level. Two reference marks and an azimuth mark are located nearby.</p><br>
<p>The Meades Ranch station is on private land, with no public access. A replica of the station marker, with a Kansas historical marker explaining its significance, is located at 39.452286&deg; latitude, -98.693542&deg; longitude, in a roadside rest area beside USA Highway 281 at the northern edge of Osborne, Kansas, 18 mi northwest of the Meades Ranch site.</p><br>
<p>The Gulf of Kutch is an inlet of the Arabian Sea along the west coast of India, in the state of Gujarat, which is renowned for extreme daily tides.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Gulf of Kutch is referred to in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a travelogue written in about 50 CE, as the Gulf of Baraca</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The maximum depth of Gulf of Kutch is 402 ft.</p><br>
<p>It is a region with highest potential of tidal energy generation.</p><br>
<p>It is about 99 miles in length, and divides Kutch and the Kathiawar peninsula regions of Gujarat. The Rukmavati River empties into the Arabian Sea nearby. Gulf of Khambhat lies in south and the Great Rann of Kutch is located in north of the gulf.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The first coral garden will be set up near Mithapur in the Gulf of Kutch. The different species of corals will be set up and an underwater garden will be developed for conservation and tourism purposes. It will be developed by a joint venture of Gujarat forest department, Wildlife Trust of India and Tata Chemicals.</p><br>
<p>Portsmouth was a fishing and shipping village located on Portsmouth Island on the Outer Banks in North Carolina. Portsmouth Island is a tidal island connected, under most conditions, to north end of the North Core Banks, across Ocracoke Inlet from the village of Ocracoke. The town lies in Carteret County, was established in 1753 by the North Carolina Colonial Assembly, and abandoned in 1971. Its remains are now part of the Cape Lookout National Seashore.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ocracoke Inlet was a popular shipping lane during colonial times. Established in 1753, the town of Portsmouth functioned as a lightering port, where cargo from ocean-going vessels could be transferred to shallow-draft vessels capable of traversing Pamlico and Core Sounds. Portsmouth grew to a peak population of 685 in 1860. Though small, Portsmouth was one of the most important points-of-entry along the Atlantic coast in post-Revolutionary America.</p><br>
<p>In 1846, two strong hurricanes cut Oregon Inlet and deepened the existing Hatteras Inlet to the northeast, making Ocracoke Inlet a less desirable shipping lane by comparison. The waters around Portsmouths harbor also began to shoal up, hastening its decline as a port. The Civil War was yet another blow as many people fled to the mainland when Union soldiers came to occupy the Outer Banks. Many didnt return after the war had ended and the Village of Portsmouth continued its decline, sped along by the occasional hurricane. The mammoth 1933 Atlantic hurricane season also served as a benchmark in the island&#39;s population decline, though more as a focal point of memory and a symbol of decline than the real cause of it. (These were the same hurricanes that led to the depopulation of the barrier islands on the Eastern Shore of Virginia and Maryland.)</p><br>
<p>A further blow was the decommissioning of the US Life-Saving Station there in 1937, and closing of the post office in 1959. In 1967 Portsmouth Island and village had already been acquired by the National Park Service then incorporated into the new Cape Lookout National Seashore. Last two elderly residents, Marian Gray Babb and Nora Dixon, left the island in 1971 after the death of Henry Pigott, who although approximately the same age was essentially their caretaker.</p><br>
<p>In 1978 Portsmouth Village was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Life in Portsmouth</h2><br>
<p>The inhabitants of Portsmouth Village were heavily engaged in fishing and other maritime trades, like piloting and manning vessels, even building a small man-made island, Shell Castle, out of oyster shells for use as a shipping depot. Later many worked as fisherman and clammers. Much of Portsmouths population was African American descending from the slaves brought to the island. After the Civil War most African Americans left Portsmouth but some families remained including Pigott family whose descendants were some of the islands last inhabitants: Henry and Lizzie Pigott. Under segregation, black and white children could not legally attend the one-room schoolhouse on Portsmouth Island together. The state never built a separate school for blacks, so African Americans who remained on the island in its declining years never received the benefits of a formal education.</p><br>
<p>Inhabitants of the island lived without electricity, running water or refrigeration.</p><br>
<h2>Portsmouth today</h2><br>
<p>Now, 21 total buildings stand, including about a dozen dwellings and a few out-buildings. These are maintained as part of the Portsmouth Village Historic District. Of these the Salter House/visitor center, the one-room school, the Methodist Church, the Life-Saving Station, Henry Pigott&#39;s house and the Post Office/general store are open to the public during the summer. Now, especially during the summers, people often visit the island and camp out overnight on the beach (camping is not allowed in the village). Facilities are very limited with a compost toilet near the Life-Saving Station and a restroom in the Salter house/visitors center, with no potable water, food, or electricity available.</p><br>
<p>Portsmouth - Theodore & Anne Salter House - 01.JPGTheodore & Anne Salter House / Visitor Center (built circa 1905)</p><br>
<p>Portsmouth - Lionel & Emma Gilgo House - 01.JPGLionel & Emma Gilgo House (built circa 1926)</p><br>
<p>Portsmouth - George & Patsy Dixon House - 01.JPGGeorge & Patsy Dixon House (built circa 1875)</p><br>
<p>Portsmouth - Ed, Nora, & Elma Dixon House - 01.JPGEd, Nora, & Elma Dixon House (built circa 1910)</p><br>
<p>Portsmouth - Ed & Kate Styron House - 01.JPGEd & Kate Styron House (built 1933)</p><br>
<p>Portsmouth - Walker & Sarah Styron House - 01.JPGWalker & Sarah Styron House (built circa 1850)</p><br>
<p>Portsmouth - Washington Roberts House - 02.JPGWashington Roberts House (built circa 1840)</p><br>
<h2>Homecoming</h2><br>
<p>Portsmouth is the location of an increasingly well-known "homecoming," currently celebrated every two years. The island homecoming has its origins in the early trips made back to the island by families who left prior to the 1960s and was originally affiliated with the Methodist and Primitive Baptist churches, primarily out of Cedar Island, North Carolina, where many inhabitants of Portsmouth had resettled. The homecoming began as a church- and family-based event but has become increasingly a secular celebration of Portsmouth&#39;s heritage, under the aegis of the National Park Service. Many people who have no direct family connection to the island participate in the homecoming.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Portsmouth is reached by a passenger ferry from Ocracoke village. It is also accessible by four wheel drive vehicles, which cross Core Sound by ferry from Atlantic and use the beach and tracks on North Core Banks.</p><br>
<h2>Portsmouth Island</h2><br>
<p>Portsmouth Island lies to the west of North Core Banks, to which it is connected at most states of the tide. The limits of the island are not precisely determined and have varied over time. Older maps use the term for the island between Ocracoke Inlet and Whalebone Inlet (which closed in 1961), now the northern end of North Core Banks.)</p><br>
<p>Lake Mainit is the fourth largest lake in the Philippines, having a surface area of 173.40 km&sup2;. The lake is also the deepest lake in the country with maximum depth reaching 223 m. It is located in the northeastern section of Mindanao and shared between the provinces of Surigao del Norte and Agusan del Norte.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name of the lake is a Visayan word mainit, which means "hot".</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Plants</h3><br>
<p>Fire orchid (Vanda hookeriana)</p><br>
<p>Narra tree (Pterocarpus indicus)</p><br>
<p>Molave tree (Vitex parviflora)</p><br>
<p>Philippine rosewood or "toog"</p><br>
<p>Kamagong</p><br>
<p>Mancono</p><br>
<p>Malabayabas (Eucalyptus spp.)</p><br>
<p>Indian lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)</p><br>
<h3>Animals</h3><br>
<p>Animals</p><br>
<p>Mindanao scops owl</p><br>
<p>Mindanao savanna nightjar</p><br>
<p>Mindanao Himalayan swiftlet</p><br>
<p>Mindanao forest kingfisher</p><br>
<p>White-breasted sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster)</p><br>
<p>Monkeys</p><br>
<p>Wild pigs</p><br>
<p>Fishes</p><br>
<p>"Casili" (Anguilla spp.)</p><br>
<p>Mudfish, "hayuan" or "halwan" (Channa striata)</p><br>
<p>Gurami (Gourami belontiidae)</p><br>
<p>"Bolinao" (Neosthethus thessa)</p><br>
<h2>List</h2><br>
<h3>Municipalities bordering the lake</h3><br>
<p>Mainit, Surigao del Norte</p><br>
<p>Alegria, Surigao del Norte</p><br>
<p>Jabonga, Agusan del Norte</p><br>
<p>Kitcharao, Agusan del Norte</p><br>
<h3>Municipalities within Lake Mainit's watershed</h3><br>
<p>Alegria, Surigao del Norte</p><br>
<p>Sison, Surigao del Norte</p><br>
<p>Tubod, Surigao del Norte</p><br>
<p>Mainit, Surigao del Norte</p><br>
<p>Kitcharao, Agusan del Norte</p><br>
<p>Jabonga, Agusan del Norte</p><br>
<p>Santiago, Agusan del Norte</p><br>
<p>Tubay, Agusan del Norte</p><br>
